Antibiotic ciprofloxacin removal from aqueous solutions by electrochemically activated persulfate process: Optimization, degradation pathways, and toxicology assessment

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dc.authorid0000-0001-9031-5142
dc.authorid0000-0003-4176-1976
dc.contributor.authorYakamercan, Elif
dc.contributor.authorAygun, Ahmet
dc.contributor.authorSimsek, Halis
dc.date.accessioned2026-02-08T15:15:20Z
dc.date.available2026-02-08T15:15:20Z
dc.date.issued2024
dc.departmentBursa Teknik Üniversitesi
dc.description.abstractCiprofloxacin (CIP) is a commonly used antibiotic in the fluoroquinolone group and is widely used in medical and veterinary medicine disciplines to treat bacterial infections. When CIP is discharged into the sewage system, it cannot be removed by a conventional wastewater treatment plant because of its recalcitrant characteristics. In this study, boron-doped diamond anode and persulfate were used to degrade CIP in an aquatic solution by creating an electrochemically activated persulfate (EAP) process. Iron was added to the system as a coactivator and the process was called EAP + Fe. The effects of independent variables, including pH, Fe2 + , persulfate concentration, and electrolysis time on the system were optimized using the response surface methodology. The results showed that the EAP + Fe process removed 94% of CIP under the following optimum conditions: A pH of 3, persulfate/Fe2 + concentration of 0.4 mmol/L, initial CIP concentration 30 mg/L, and electrolysis time of 12.64 min. CIP removal efficiency was increased from 65.10% to 94.35% by adding Fe2 + as a transition metal. CIP degradation products, 7 pathways, and 78 intermediates of CIP were studied, and three of those intermediates ( m/z 298, 498, and 505) were reported. The toxicological analysis based on toxicity estimation software results indicated that some degradation products of CIP were toxic to targeted animals, including fathead minnow, Daphnia magna , Tetrahymena pyriformis , and rats. The optimum operation costs were similar in EAP and EAP + Fe processes, approximately 0.54 euro/m3 . (c) 2024 The Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Published by Elsevier B.V.
dc.description.sponsorshipCollege of Agriculture at Purdue University [211N010]
dc.description.sponsorshipFunding for this paper was provided by the Bursa Techni-cal University Scientific Research Project (Project no: 211N010) and College of Agriculture at Purdue University . The authors would like to thank the anonymous reviewers and the editor for their constructive comments and suggestions for this pa-per.
dc.identifier.doi10.1016/j.jes.2023.08.013
dc.identifier.endpage98
dc.identifier.issn1001-0742
dc.identifier.issn1878-7320
dc.identifier.pmid38644026
dc.identifier.scopus2-s2.0-85177558206
dc.identifier.scopusqualityQ1
dc.identifier.startpage85
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2023.08.013
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12885/5726
dc.identifier.volume143
dc.identifier.wosWOS:001164447500001
dc.identifier.wosqualityQ1
dc.indekslendigikaynakWeb of Science
dc.indekslendigikaynakScopus
dc.indekslendigikaynakPubMed
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherScience Press
dc.relation.ispartofJournal of Environmental Sciences
dc.relation.publicationcategoryMakale - Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi - Kurum Öğretim Elemanı
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccess
dc.snmzWOS_KA_20260207
dc.subjectCiprofloxacin
dc.subjectResponse surface methodology
dc.subjectElectrochemically activated
dc.subjectpersulfate
dc.subjectElectrooxidation
dc.titleAntibiotic ciprofloxacin removal from aqueous solutions by electrochemically activated persulfate process: Optimization, degradation pathways, and toxicology assessment
dc.typeArticle

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