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Fault ride-through capability enhancement of hydrogen energy-based distributed generators by using STATCOM with an intelligent control strategy
(Elsevier Ltd, 2023-12-25) Bayrak, Gökay; Yılmaz, Alper; Demirci, Eren
This paper presents an intelligent adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference (ANFIS)-based control method for increasing the Fault Ride-Through (FRT) capability of hydrogen energy-based distributed generators. The static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) system is integrated into the modeled power system with the Solid Oxide Fuel Cell system. To investigate the FRT capability of the proposed method, fault scenarios under different grid conditions are generated. The proposed ANFIS-based method is compared with the conventional PI-based STATCOM model and the system without any flexible AC transmission system devices. When the obtained results are analyzed, with the developed intelligent control method, an improvement of at least 8% and a maximum of 12.6% is achieved in the voltage value, depending on the type of failure that occurs. Besides, there is an improvement of at least 10% and at most 16.6% in the settling time values. The voltage fluctuations and sudden peaks in the system with the proposed method are less than in the other systems and it provides voltage support to the system successfully. The transient response of the Solid Oxide Fuel Cell system provides sustainable and stable reactive power support to the grid. Besides, the proposed method not only contributes to the FRT capability of system but also minimizes voltage changes that may reduce the life of the distributed generator or cause it to malfunction
Evaluation of oxidative stress levels as biomarkers in vitiligo patients
(WOLTERS KLUWER MEDKNOW PUBLICATIONS, 2023) İnce, Zeynep; Kutlu, Büşra; Yılmaz, Nazan; Cengiz, Fatma; Güler, Eray
Objective: Vitiligo is a skin disease that causes the loss of melanocyte cells, which produce pigment in the skin. There is evidence that oxidative stress plays an important role in vitiligo disease of unknown pathogenesis. Evidence suggests that there is increased oxidative stress in melanocytes in patients with vitiligo. The aim of this study is to investigate oxidative stress markers in patients with vitiligo. Materials and Methods: Blood samples were taken from 23 vitiligo patients and 23 healthy control groups without any disease in Bezmialem Vakif University Hospital Dermatology and Venereal Diseases Outpatient Clinic. Total antioxidant levels (TAS) and total oxidant levels (TOS) were measured photometrically method with blood samples. The oxidative stress index (OSI) was calculated as the TOS to TAS level ratio. Results: When the results of the vitiligo patient group were compared with the control group, TOS and OSI were found to be significantly higher than the control group (P < 0.05). No statistically significant result was found in TAS. Conclusions: Our results show that oxidative stress plays a role in the pathogenesis of vitiligo.
Recovery of Biobutanol from Aqueous Streams by Pervaporation Using Ionic Liquid Based Membranes
(SPRINGER HEIDELBERG, 2023) Erdoğan, Derya; Hasanoğlu, Ayça
Butanol as a biofuel, can be produced by ABE (acetone-butanol-ethanol) fermentation. Pervaporation is a promising process, especially for the separation of biofuels from aqueous mixtures such as ABE mixtures which consists of 3:6:1 ratio of ABE solvents and water around 97%. In this study, ionic liquid-based membranes were developed for the recovery of butanol from aqueous mixtures. The active layer providing the selectivity was formed by using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([bmim][Tf2N]) ionic liquid (IL). Porous polyvinylidenefluoride (PVDF) and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) films were used as the support layers. Two different types of membranes were prepared, in which IL was mixed into PDMS and cast as a thin film on the support layer, and IL was impregnated into the pores of the support layers. The effects of feed concentration and temperature on separation performance were investigated. In addition, the membranes were prepared with and without IL, and the effect of IL on membrane performance was investigated. In general, an increase in flux and selectivity values was observed with the addition of IL in PDMS. Butanol selectivities in pervaporation experiments with different process parameters were found between 24.7 and 61.3 when PTFE support layer was used and between 22.5 and 48.6 when PVDF support layer was used. Especially with the use of IL in the membrane, the fluxes increased 2.5-5 times, resulting in a significant increase in fluxes. As a result, it has been shown that PDMS+IL/PVDF and PDMS+IL/PTFE membranes can be used for effective butanol recovery by pervaporation.
Analysis of cyber security knowledge gaps based on cyber security body of knowledge (Sep, 10.1007/s10639-022-11261-8, 2022)
(Springer, 2022) Catal, Cagatay; Ozcan, Alper; Donmez, Emrah; Kaşif, Ahmet
The correct affiliation of Emrah Donmez is "Department of Software Engineering, Bandirma Onyedi Eylul University, Balikesir, Turkey".The original version has been corrected.
Aesthetics of invisibility in Iranian women's identity and their domestic space during the 1980s
(Taylor and Francis, 2022) Golabi, Maryam
This paper investigates the relationship between the gendered identities of Iranian women and their domestic space in the first post-revolutionary decade (1980s) at a time when the influence of Islamic tenets on people's lives was considerably higher than in the previous and subsequent decades. Contributing to feminist geography and providing an understanding of a regional reality, the aim of this article is to elaborate on how the redefined identities and bodies of Iranian women, which were considered central to the representation of the Islamic national identity in Iran during the 1980s, influenced the design and usage patterns of houses at that time. The paper adopts Pierre Bourdieu's conceptual framework related to 'social space' and 'physical space', conceptualizing a house (physical space) as a translated form of social space. The article proposes the concept of the 'aesthetics of invisibility' to comprehend the identity of Iranian women and the domestic space in the 1980s. It uncovers the connection between the invisibility of the female body and domestic space through critical readings of contemporary printed and visual media, and also a study of 30 houses built in Tabriz during the 1980s. The paper reveals that for both Iranian women's bodies and domestic space, their invisibility and seclusion from the public world are equated with aesthetics, which is often interwoven with morality in Iranian society. It shows that the redefinition of the identity of women, their appearance, and the codes of conduct and dress came with modifications to the street facades of houses, and the design, organization and use of interior spaces.
Algae and Their Metabolites as Potential Bio-Pesticides
(MDPI, 2022) Asimakis, Elias; Shehata, Awad A.; Eisenreich, Wolfgang; Acheuk, Fatma; Yılmaz, Mete
An increasing human population necessitates more food production, yet current techniques in agriculture, such as chemical pesticide use, have negative impacts on the ecosystems and strong public opposition. Alternatives to synthetic pesticides should be safe for humans, the environment, and be sustainable. Extremely diverse ecological niches and millions of years of competition have shaped the genomes of algae to produce a myriad of substances that may serve humans in various biotechnological areas. Among the thousands of described algal species, only a small number have been investigated for valuable metabolites, yet these revealed the potential of algal metabolites as bio-pesticides. This review focuses on macroalgae and microalgae (including cyanobacteria) and their extracts or purified compounds, that have proven to be effective antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, nematocides, insecticides, herbicides, and plant growth stimulants. Moreover, the mechanisms of action of the majority of these metabolites against plant pests are thoroughly discussed. The available information demonstrated herbicidal activities via inhibition of photosynthesis, antimicrobial activities via induction of plant defense responses, inhibition of quorum sensing and blocking virus entry, and insecticidal activities via neurotoxicity. The discovery of antimetabolites also seems to hold great potential as one recent example showed antimicrobial and herbicidal properties. Algae, especially microalgae, represent a vast untapped resource for discovering novel and safe biopesticide compounds.
A new integrated methodology for constructing linguistic pythagorean fuzzy statements for decision making problems
(IOS PRESS, 2022) Işık, Gürkan; Kaya, Ihsan
As a combining concept of Pythagorean fuzzy sets (PFSs) and linguistic fuzzy sets (FSs), linguistic PFSs (LPFSs) has been suggested in the literature to deal with the uncertain and inconsistent information in multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) process. The LPFSs based procedure has been built by assuming that the experts make assessments suitable with PFS. It does not provide a mechanism to ensure the suitability of the assessments with theory of PFSs but there are other type of non-standard fuzzy sets such as Neutrosophic sets (NSs) used for modeling with inconsistent information. The main motivation of this study is to offer an assessment collection method to guarantee that the input statements will be Pythagorean fuzzy linguistic expressions. As a second motivation, it is aimed to extend the PFS method for the fuzzy modeling of the other type of decision-making problems apart from MCDM which do not require aggregation and comparison operations and continue with precise fuzzy modeling (PFM). The third motivation of this study is to offer enhancements on the LPFSs method to increase the sensitivity of the modeling while protecting the interpretability. For these purposes, a newmethodology based on LPFSs has been proposed and applied on a decision-making problem in a comparative way.
A Novel Approach for Optimum Planning of Bobbin Boilers in Textile Industry
(Ege Universitesi, 2022) Demir, Yunus; İnan, Kemal
As in all sectors, the fierce competition in the world affects the textile sector deeply. It is an inevitable necessity for companies to reduce their costs in order to survive while maintaining their profitability. In this study, an applied efficiency study was conducted for the bobbin dyeing process, which is one of the important elements of the textile industry. In the application made in Bursah Tekstil Ltd. Sti., the problem of sequencing the lots waiting to be dyed in the bobbin dye boilers has been discussed. Integer linear model and iterative greedy-based heuristic are proposed to solve the problem. Sequencing made with the developed method resulted in an improvement of 17% in terms of the number of boiler washes and 13% in terms of total tardiness compared to the manual sequencing.
A novel hesitant fuzzy linguistic term sets approach and its application on acceptance sampling plans
(UNIV SISTAN & BALUCHESTAN, 2022) Işık, Gürkan; Kaya, I.
Hesitant fuzzy linguistic term set (HFLTS) is an approach giving ability to obtain more flexible decision-making (DM) process by integrating linguistic fuzzy modeling (LFM) with hesitative expert judgments. Although HFLTS is widely -studied in the literature and many enhancements are made on HFLTS procedure, none of these enhancements gives ability to continue with precise fuzzy modeling (PFM) in decision process. LFM has a big drawback about accuracy because of the dependency between the size of term set and the comprehensiveness of fuzzy sets (FSs). This issue creates a very critical difficulty in modeling of DM problems that need sensitive evaluations by using HFLTS. This paper aims to solve this problem by proposing a novel HFLTS methodology that is usable for DM problems that need sensitive calculations in the decision stage. The proposed methodology integrates 2-tuple LFM and linguistic fuzzy modifiers with HFLTS to overcome the accuracy problem and obtain more sensitive and flexible decision procedure. This paper also presents an envelopment transformation technique to aggregate expert assessments as a fuzzy membership function instead of membership grades. It becomes possible to keep interpretability in a certain level and achieve sensitive results at the same time with the help of these modifications. The proposed HFLTS approach is analyzed on a real case example from manufacturing industry for acceptance sampling plans (ASP) that is a DM problem requiring sensitive calculations. As another originality of the paper, the main formulations of ASP are derived based on hesitant fuzzy defectiveness information. The obtained results are also compared with some existing enhancements of the HFLTS and the success of the proposed methodology is proved in terms of sensitive calculation.
A review of critical residential buildings parameters and activities when investigating indoor air quality and pollutants
(Wiley, 2022) Teresa Baeza-Romero, Maria; Dudzinska, Marzenna R.; Torkmahalleh, Mehdi Amouei; Barros, Nelson; Gazioğlu Rüzgar, Duygu
Indoor air in residential dwellings can contain a variety of chemicals, sometimes present at concentrations or in combinations which can have a negative impact on human health. Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) surveys are often required to characterize human exposure or to investigate IAQ concerns and complaints. Such surveys should include sufficient contextual information to elucidate sources, pathways, and the magnitude of exposures. The aim of this review was to investigate and describe the parameters that affect IAQ in residential dwellings: building location, layout, and ventilation, finishing materials, occupant activities, and occupant demography. About 180 peer-reviewed articles, published from 01/2013 to 09/2021 (plus some important earlier publications), were reviewed. The importance of the building parameters largely depends on the study objectives and whether the focus is on a specific pollutant or to assess health risk. When considering classical pollutants such as particulate matter (PM) or volatile organic compounds (VOCs), the building parameters can have a significant impact on IAQ, and detailed information of these parameters needs to be reported in each study. Research gaps and suggestions for the future studies together with recommendation of where measurements should be done are also provided.
Adaptation of the Four Levels of Test Maturity Model Integration with Agile and Risk-Based Test Techniques
(MDPI, 2022) Unudulmaz, Ahmet; Cingiz, Mustafa Özgür; Kalipsiz, Oya
Many projects that progress with failure, processes managed erroneously, failure to deliver products and projects on time, excessive increases taking place in costs, and an inability to analyze customer requests correctly pave the way for the use of agile processes in software development methods and cause the importance of test processes to increase day by day. In particular, the inability to properly handle testing processes and risks with time and cost pressures, the differentiation of software development methods between projects, the failure to integrate risk management, and risk analysis studies, conducted within a company/institution, with software development methods also complicates this situation. It is recommended to use agile process methods and test maturity model integration (TMMI), with risk-based testing techniques and user scenario testing techniques, to eliminate such problems. In this study, agile process transformation of a company, operating in factory automation systems in the field of industry, was followed for two and a half years. This study has been prepared to close the gap in the literature on the integration of TMMI level 2, TMMI level 3, and TMMI level 4 with SAFE methodology and agile processes. Our research has been conducted upon the use of all TMMI level sub-steps with both agile process practices and some test practices (risk-based testing techniques, user scenario testing techniques). TMMI coverage percentages have been determined as 92.85% based on TMMI level 2, 92.9% based on TMMI level 3, and 100% based on TMMI level 4. In addition, agile process adaptation metrics and their measurements between project versions will be shown, and their contribution to quality will be mentioned.
An Evaluation of the Relationship Between Everyday Life Rhythms and Urban Morphology: The Square Of Bursa Kent Meydani Shopping Center, Turkey
(SAGE Publications Inc., 2022) Gümüş, İmran; Yılmaz, Ebru
The aim of this study is to search for the relationship between the morphological character of urban space and the rhythms of everyday life. Initially, behavioral maps are created by observing daily life rhythms, video recordings are taken on weekend and weekday, the snapshot technique, video recordings, and the pedestrian count analysis are used. In the second step, morphological analyses of the study area are prepared by using space syntax approach. Connectivity, local, and global integration values are obtained through creating axial map, and, in addition, visibility graph analysis (VGA) is performed. Bursa Kent Meydani Shopping Center (BKMSC) consists of a square and the shopping units surrounding it. This area was the main transportation point as Central Bus Station Complex until 2006. The area was selected within the scope of the study because its changing public use due to the functional transformation of the area plays a significant role in the identity of the Bursa. The behavioral maps obtained from the observational data give information about user mobility, various actions, and the activities' locations on weekends and weekdays. By correlating and comparing behavioral and space syntax maps analyses, the relationship between the rhythmic character and the morphological structure of the urban space is tested. The study presents original data by revealing the effects of the morphological elements of Bursa on the daily rhythms of the square of BKMSC. The case study is limited to the surveys conducted in 2 days and three different times of the day. The relationship between observational data and space syntax data shows that daily life rhythms are not independent of the morphological factors.
An interval type-2 fuzzy enhanced best-worst method for the evaluation of ship diesel generator failures
(PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD, 2022) Yucesan, Melih; Başhan, Veysi; Demirel, Hakan; Gul, Muhammet
The environmental destruction in our century necessitates the implementation of more safety-based rules and the strict implementation of failure analysis, especially in the maritime sector. The generator system, considered the ship's powerhouse, is expected to be ready and well-maintained for efficient and safe operations. This study proposes a new methodology to analyze ship generator failures. This method includes a version of the best-worst multi-criteria decision-making method enriched with interval type-2 fuzzy logic (IT2FE-BWM). Enrichment with interval type-2 fuzzy numbers shows that a parameter about how much the decision-maker trusts the pairwise comparisons are added to the model. Thus, a more sensitive methodology has been proposed for the confidence of the maritime sector evaluators. A solid decision mechanism has been developed to prioritize generator failures. In addition, a comparison study with some other BWM derivatives and a creative sensitivity analysis were added to this study and its robustness was tested.
An iterated greedy algorithm for the planning of yarn-dyeing boilers
(Wiley, 2022) Demir, Yunus
Yarn dyeing is a critical link in the textile production chain that consumes the most time and energy. Today's dyeing shops receive hundreds of demands with thousands of different colors, different due dates, and different production requirements. This situation has made it very difficult for the human brain to create a minimum-cost production plan by complying with the due dates. In this study, a real-life problem of a company operating in the textile industry is discussed and a solution has been developed for the planning of yarn-dyeing boilers. The application was held in Bursali Textile, which is the major towel manufacturer operating in Turkey. The problem dealt with is basically in the nature of the variable-size bin-packing problem (VSBPP). The limited availability of bins (boilers) of different sizes and the packing of the items (yarn work orders) with due date constraints are the original aspects of this study. Multi-objective mixed integer programming model is developed to minimize two objectives. For the solution, the preemptive method called the lexicographic approach, in which the objectives are solved in order, is preferred. As the first objective, the overcapacity usage is minimized and then the second objective, which is the boiler usage cost, is minimized. Given that the VSBPP is strongly NP-hard, an iterated greedy algorithm with two different decoding approaches is proposed. Computational experiments were conducted on 20 randomly generated benchmark instances and a real-world industrial dataset. The numerical results show that good solutions can be obtained in seconds using the proposed approaches.
Analysis of cyber security knowledge gaps based on cyber security body of knowledge
(Springer, 2023) Catal, Cagatay; Ozcan, Alper; Donmez, Emrah; Kaşif, Ahmet
Due to the increasing number of cyber incidents and overwhelming skills shortage, it is required to evaluate the knowledge gap between cyber security education and industrial needs. As such, the objective of this study is to identify the knowledge gaps in cyber security graduates who join the cyber security workforce. We designed and performed an opinion survey by using the Cyber Security Knowledge Areas (KAs) specified in the Cyber Security Body of Knowledge (CyBOK) that comprises 19 KAs. Our data was gathered from practitioners who work in cyber security organizations. The knowledge gap was measured and evaluated by acknowledging the assumption for employing sequent data as nominal data and improved it by deploying chi-squared test. Analyses demonstrate that there is a gap that can be utilized to enhance the quality of education. According to acquired final results, three key KAs with the highest knowledge gap are Web and Mobile Security, Security Operations and Incident Management. Also, Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS), Software Lifecycles, and Vulnerabilities are the knowledge areas with largest difference in perception of importance between less and more experienced personnel. We discuss several suggestions to improve the cyber security curriculum in order to minimize the knowledge gaps. There is an expanding demand for executive cyber security personnel in industry. High-quality university education is required to improve the qualification of upcoming workforce. The capability and capacity of the national cyber security workforce is crucial for nations and security organizations. A wide range of skills, namely technical skills, implementation skills, management skills, and soft skills are required in new cyber security graduates. The use of each CyBOK KA in the industry was measured in response to the extent of learning in university environments. This is the first study conducted in this field, it is considered that this research can inspire the way for further researches.
A BODIPY decorated multiple mode reusable paper-based colorimetric and fluorometric pH sensor
(Elsevier, 2022) Ozturk, Dilek; Omeroglu, Ipek; Gol, Cem; Durmus, Mahmut
In this study, two difluoroboradiazaindacene (BODIPY) compounds bearing diethylaminostyryl groups were synthesized in order to establish colorimetric and fluorometric paper-based pH sensors. The structures of these novel BODIPY compounds were identified by NMR (H-1, C-13, B-11, and F-19), elemental analysis, MALDI-TOF, FT-IR, UV-vis and fluorescence spectroscopies as well as single-crystal X-Ray data. The DFT study was also per-formed to optimize of these two novel BODIPY structures. Electrochemical measurements were applied to estimate their redox potentials. Photophysical properties such as fluorescence quantum yield and lifetimes were investigated to determine the effect of acid addition in both DMSO and 1,4-dioxane solutions of the studied BODIPY derivatives. Also, pKa values of the synthesized compounds (1a and 1b) were determined from absorbance and fluorescence measurements by acid titration studies. The paper-based pH sensor behavior of these BODIPY derivatives was investigated and their performances were determined on the lemon juice samples as a real sample analysis. A simple, cost-effective, rapid, portable, colorimetric, and fluorometric paper-based BODIPY sensing platform was developed in this study for the detection of the variety of pH changes in lemon juice.
A decision support model based on q-rung orthopair fuzzy number for glove design application
(Springer, 2022) Efe, Ömer Faruk; Efe, Burak
Quality function deployment (QFD) method allows reviewing of customer requirements (CRs) and design requirements (DRs) simultaneously in order to handle the correlations and relationships of CRs and DRs in calculations. It has been often combined with fuzzy numbers because it provides to gather the judgments of experts in vagueness environment more correctly and easily. This paper suggests employing q-rung orthopair fuzzy number (q-ROFN) for improving the fuzzy QFD approach. The proposed q-ROFN based QFD method uses q-ROFN to adjust the weights of CRs based the relationships between CRs and DRs with the help of the correlations and relationships of CRs and DRs. q-ROFN presents more information than numbers such as intuitionistic fuzzy number and Pythagorean fuzzy number about the correlations and relationships of CRs and DRs. VIKOR (VIsekriterijumska optimizacija i KOm-promisno Resenje) approach based on q-ROFN is also used to rank DRs. The new proposed integrated method has been applied for evaluating the anthropometry based glove design. The results show that the most important DR for anthropometry based glove design is ease of hand motion perception.
A demand-side management assessment of residential consumers by a clustering approach
(Springer, 2022) Oguz, Eray; Tekdemir, İbrahim Gürsu; Gozel, Tuba
Residential consumers have a significant share in total energy demand today. Demand-side management is a collection of processes which makes providing large amounts of energy less problematic. Identifying demand characteristics of energy consumers is a remarkable part of this process. Data clustering methods have recently been proposed as beneficial tools at that point. In this study, a novel parametric representation of residential energy consumption data is proposed. For that purpose, eleven specific parameters are proposed first for extraction of features in data. Next, principal component analysis is used for dimension reduction. Finally, k-means algorithm is applied for clustering. Two residential energy consumption datasets are used for validation. Analyses are carried out in MATLAB and R. Data clustering is realized on a monthly basis by using daily load curves and clustering performance is compared with another study. It is found that the proposed approach leads to the formation of meaningful clusters of residential consumers. It is also possible to observe demand tendency on a daily basis since daily consumption data is used during the process. Performance evaluation scores show that energy consumption data fit better into clusters when it is compared with another study in the literature.
A Density Functional Theory Study on Rechargeable Mg-ion Batteries: C20 Fullerene as a Promising Anode Material
(Wiley, 2022) Köse, Ahmet; Yüksel, Numan; Fellah, Mehmet Ferdi
In this study, the applicability of C-20 fullerene as anode material in Mg-ion batteries was investigated by Density Functional Theory (DFT). The interaction energy of the Mg2+ ion on C-20 structure was found as -147.3 kcal/mol. The HOMO-LUMO gap value decreased during Mg interaction on C-20 structure while it increased during Mg2+ interaction. The charge distributions obtained after the interactions of Mg atoms on C-20 show that charge transfer has taken place. The storage capacity value of C-20 structure was calculated to be 893 mAhg(-1). The diffusion barrier was calculated as 1.9 kcal/mol. In addition, the diffusion coefficient for Mg and Mg2+ on C-20 structure were computed as 1.5x10(-25) and 4.61x10(-4), respectively. Consequently, the high storage capacity, high conductivity and low diffusion barrier for discharge/charge process and the suitability of the diffusion coefficient suggest that C-20 fullerene structure can be used as a potential anode material in rechargeable Mg-ion batteries.
A design for switched capacitor and single-switch DC-DC boost converter by a small signal-based PI controller
(Wiley, 2022) Ghaderi, Davood; Bulut, Kübra; Tekin, Hakan
In this study, a switched capacitor (SC)-based single-switch DC-DC boost converter structure operating under the high voltage gain and the low duty ratio is proposed using the PI control technique. High current and voltage stresses across the power switches and power diodes can be reduced by using the projected SC block. In addition, the proposed converter can achieve high voltage gain through shorter duty cycles, which directly reduces the voltage stress and dynamic losses in the power semiconductors. On the other hand, because the proposed converter includes a single power switch under different output powers and different loads, the control process is simpler than multiswitch structures. With the proposed converter, an output voltage of 10 times greater rather than the input voltage is obtained at 0.57 of the duty cycle. In this study, the fundamental functions of the proposed converter and the controller design steps are analyzed mathematically and tested in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment. As a result of the analysis, it was determined that the proposed topology works with a high performance at high frequency and variable load ranges. To validate the proposed converter and theoretical calculations, a 200-W prototype was established under a continuous conduction mode (CCM) working state, with 48-VDC input voltage and 400-VDC output voltage. Finally, the simulation results were tested and verified through the experimental results.

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