Levels, distribution, sources and human exposure pathways of alkylphenol and alkylphenol ethoxylates in indoor dust in Turkiye

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dc.authorid0000-0002-9762-5503
dc.authorid0000-0001-7866-3275
dc.authorid0000-0002-0219-1598
dc.authorid0000-0001-6737-3475
dc.contributor.authorBabaei, Parisa
dc.contributor.authorMadan, Efsun Nikravan
dc.contributor.authorGullu, Gulen
dc.contributor.authorGoren, Ismail Ethem
dc.contributor.authorGul, Hatice Kubra
dc.contributor.authorDaglioglu, Nebile
dc.contributor.authorKarakus, Perihan Binnur Kurt
dc.date.accessioned2026-02-08T15:15:12Z
dc.date.available2026-02-08T15:15:12Z
dc.date.issued2024
dc.departmentBursa Teknik Üniversitesi
dc.description.abstractEnvironmental phenolic chemicals, due to their widespread occurrence and potent estrogenic properties, pose a risk to human exposure. The phenolic organic contaminants alkylphenols (APs) and alkylphenol polyethoxylates (APEs) are used in various household applications, and they may enter to the environment during production and use, potentially appearing in indoor dust. However, little is known about the levels of environmental phenolics in indoor environments. In this study, five of these compounds namely octylphenol (OP), 4-Octylphenol Monoethoxylate (4-OPME), 4-tert-octylphenol (4-t-OP), 4-n-nonylphenol (4-n-NP) and nonylphenol diethoxylate (diNPE) were analyzed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in household dust samples (n = 148) collected from Ankara, the capital of Turkiye. OP and 4-OPME was not present in any of the analyzed samples. The median concentrations of the 148 settling dust samples were 35, 520, and 1910 ng g-1 dust for 4-t-OP, 4-n-NP, and di-NPE, respectively. An assessment of the human (children and adults) exposure pathway to APs and APEs, which are recognized as endocrine-disrupting chemicals found in residential dust, revealed that it was approximately 3 times higher for children than for adults at both moderate and heavy exposure levels. The association between chemical exposure, house characteristics, and family lifestyle was investigated using a multivariate logistic regression model. According to the results of this model, while the high concentrations measured for 4-t-OP were not found to be associated with any of the household parameters, high levels of 4-n-NP and di-NPE were associated with the frequency of house cleaning, repairs made during the previous year, residential type, the number of occupants, flooring materials, and the purchase of new household items within the past year. This study provides a basis for prioritizing toxicology and exposure studies for EDCs and mixtures and may offer new tools for exposure assessment in health studies.
dc.identifier.doi10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123447
dc.identifier.issn0269-7491
dc.identifier.issn1873-6424
dc.identifier.pmid38278401
dc.identifier.scopus2-s2.0-85185159125
dc.identifier.scopusqualityQ1
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123447
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12885/5663
dc.identifier.volume344
dc.identifier.wosWOS:001175965100001
dc.identifier.wosqualityQ1
dc.indekslendigikaynakWeb of Science
dc.indekslendigikaynakScopus
dc.indekslendigikaynakPubMed
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherElsevier Sci Ltd
dc.relation.ispartofEnvironmental Pollution
dc.relation.publicationcategoryMakale - Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi - Kurum Öğretim Elemanı
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccess
dc.snmzWOS_KA_20260207
dc.subjectAlkylphenols
dc.subjectAlkylphenol polyethoxylates
dc.subjectHousehold dust
dc.subjectExposure pathway
dc.titleLevels, distribution, sources and human exposure pathways of alkylphenol and alkylphenol ethoxylates in indoor dust in Turkiye
dc.typeArticle

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