Assessment of house dust trace elements and human exposure in Ankara, Turkey

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dc.authorid0000-0002-9762-5503
dc.contributor.authorGul, Hatice Kubra
dc.contributor.authorGullu, Gulen
dc.contributor.authorBabaei, Parisa
dc.contributor.authorNikravan, Afsoun
dc.contributor.authorKurt-Karakus, Perihan Binnur
dc.contributor.authorSalihoglu, Guray
dc.date.accessioned2026-02-12T21:05:11Z
dc.date.available2026-02-12T21:05:11Z
dc.date.issued2023
dc.departmentBursa Teknik Üniversitesi
dc.description.abstractOne of the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic is leading people remain at homes longer than ever. Considering the elongation of the time people spend indoors, the potential health risks caused by contaminants including heavy metals in indoor environments have become even more critical. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the levels and sources of heavy metals in indoor dust, to assess the exposure to heavy metals via indoor dust, and to estimate the associated health risk. The highest median value was measured for Zn (263 mu g g(-1)), while the lowest median concentration value was observed for Cd (0.348 mu g g(-1)). The levels of elements measured in the current study were found to be within the ranges reported in the other parts of the world, mostly close to the lower end of the range. House characteristics such as proximity to the main street, presence of pets, number of occupants, and age of the building were the house characteristics influencing the observed higher concentrations of certain heavy metals in houses. Enrichment factor values range between 1.79 (Cr) and 20.4 (Zn) with an average EF value of 8.80 +/- 6.80 representing that the targeted elements are enriched (EF>2) in indoor dust in Ankara. Positive matrix factorization results showed that the heavy metals in the house dust in the study area are mainly contributed from sources namely outdoor dust, carpets/furniture, solders, wall paint/coal combustion, and cigarette smoke. Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk values from heavy metals did not exceed the safe limits recommended by EPA. The highest carcinogenic risk level was caused by Cr. The risk through ingestion was higher than inhalation, and the risk levels were higher for children than for adults.
dc.description.sponsorshipTurkish National Scientific and Technological Council (TUBITAK) [117Y088]
dc.description.sponsorshipThis work was supported by Turkish National Scientific and Technological Council (TUBITAK Grant numbers [117Y088]) for the collection of house dust samples.
dc.identifier.doi10.1007/s11356-022-22700-x
dc.identifier.endpage7735
dc.identifier.issn0944-1344
dc.identifier.issn1614-7499
dc.identifier.issue3
dc.identifier.pmid36044148
dc.identifier.scopus2-s2.0-85137193973
dc.identifier.scopusqualityQ1
dc.identifier.startpage7718
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-22700-x
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12885/6844
dc.identifier.volume30
dc.identifier.wosWOS:000847988400005
dc.identifier.wosqualityQ1
dc.indekslendigikaynakWeb of Science
dc.indekslendigikaynakScopus
dc.indekslendigikaynakPubMed
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherSpringer Heidelberg
dc.relation.ispartofEnvironmental Science and Pollution Research
dc.relation.publicationcategoryMakale - Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi - Kurum Öğretim Elemanı
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.snmzKA_WoS_20260212
dc.subjectCarcinogenic risk
dc.subjectHeavy metals
dc.subjectHouse dust
dc.subjectExposure
dc.subjectRisk assessment
dc.subjectTurkey
dc.titleAssessment of house dust trace elements and human exposure in Ankara, Turkey
dc.typeArticle

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