Sustainable Cement Production: TEA-TIPA as Grinding Aids: Optimizing Ratios for Efficiency and Environmental Impact

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dc.authorid0000-0003-0326-5015
dc.contributor.authorKobya, Veysel
dc.contributor.authorKaya, Yahya
dc.contributor.authorAkgumus, Fatih Eren
dc.contributor.authorKaya, Yunus
dc.contributor.authorMardani, Naz
dc.contributor.authorMardani, Ali
dc.date.accessioned2026-02-08T15:15:59Z
dc.date.available2026-02-08T15:15:59Z
dc.date.issued2025
dc.departmentBursa Teknik Üniversitesi
dc.description.abstractIn line with sustainable construction goals, this study investigates the synergistic use of amine-based grinding aids (GAs), triethanolamine (TEA), and triisopropanolamine (TIPA) to enhance grinding performance and cement properties. GAs were physically blended at varying TEA/TIPA ratios, and their effects on grinding efficiency, CO2 emissions, and environmental footprint were assessed based on energy consumption per target Blaine fineness. The interaction of blended GAs with Ca2+ ions was modeled to understand adsorption behavior. Cement particle size distribution (PSD), Hausner ratio, Carr index, and angle of repose were analyzed to evaluate powder flowability. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was employed to examine microstructural changes. Finally, the Taguchi method statistically analyzed the effective parameters influencing system performance. Results demonstrated that the optimized blend containing 25% TEA and 75% TIPA improved grinding performance, enhanced polymer-ion interactions, refined PSD, and significantly increased powder flowability. Overall, the study underscores the potential of amine-based polymeric GAs in producing environmentally friendly, high-performance cement composites. Using a Taguchi design with the larger-is-better S/N criterion, the optimal formulation was determined to be 25% TEA and 75% TIPA at a dosage of 0.10%. ANOVA results indicated that the TEA content was the most significant factor, while the dosage had no statistically significant effect.
dc.description.sponsorshipBursa Uludag University Science and Technology Centre (BAP) [FGA-2025-2048]
dc.description.sponsorshipBursa Uludag University Science and Technology Centre (BAP) under grant number FGA-2025-2048.
dc.identifier.doi10.3390/polym17192698
dc.identifier.issn2073-4360
dc.identifier.issue19
dc.identifier.pmid41096343
dc.identifier.scopus2-s2.0-105018799565
dc.identifier.scopusqualityQ1
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.3390/polym17192698
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12885/6071
dc.identifier.volume17
dc.identifier.wosWOS:001593575500001
dc.identifier.wosqualityQ1
dc.indekslendigikaynakWeb of Science
dc.indekslendigikaynakScopus
dc.indekslendigikaynakPubMed
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherMdpi
dc.relation.ispartofPolymers
dc.relation.publicationcategoryMakale - Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi - Kurum Öğretim Elemanı
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.snmzWOS_KA_20260207
dc.subjecttriethanolamine
dc.subjecttriisopropanolamine
dc.subjectgrinding aid mixtures
dc.subjectgrinding efficiency
dc.subjectpowder flowability
dc.titleSustainable Cement Production: TEA-TIPA as Grinding Aids: Optimizing Ratios for Efficiency and Environmental Impact
dc.typeArticle

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