Evaluation of Glycerol Concentration in the Production of Lemon Oil Incorporated Pectin-Based Films Using Principal Component Analysis

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dc.authorid0009-0009-5315-3055
dc.authorid0009-0001-2175-5766
dc.authorid0000-0003-4114-7044
dc.authorid0000-0002-9255-3854
dc.authorid0000-0003-0718-5450
dc.contributor.authorAkachat, Belkis
dc.contributor.authorHimed, Louiza
dc.contributor.authorTorche, Assala
dc.contributor.authorKhelef, Yahia
dc.contributor.authorBarkat, Malika
dc.contributor.authorSalah, Merniz
dc.contributor.authorTerzioglu, Pinar
dc.date.accessioned2026-02-08T15:15:56Z
dc.date.available2026-02-08T15:15:56Z
dc.date.issued2025
dc.departmentBursa Teknik Üniversitesi
dc.description.abstractThis research explores how varying glycerol concentrations (0-30 wt%) affect the physicochemical and mechanical characteristics of pectin films, derived from Citrus limon waste and enriched with lemon essential oil. The films were produced using the casting method. The findings show that glycerol significantly impacts film thickness, swelling behavior, water solubility, moisture content, water vapor permeability, and structural and mechanical characteristics. FTIR spectroscopy confirmed molecular interactions between glycerol and the film matrix. Notably, films with 20-30 wt% glycerol had reduced transparency. Mechanically, glycerol increased the elongation at break, enhancing flexibility, while a 5 wt% glycerol concentration optimized tensile strength. However, higher glycerol levels led to decreased tensile strength. Principal Component Analysis identified 5 wt% glycerol as optimal for balancing flexibility and structural integrity. Additionally, glycerol-plasticized films were more hydrophilic than the control. These results highlight glycerol's crucial role as a plasticizer and the importance of precise concentration control in biodegradable film formulations.
dc.description.sponsorshipNational Recovery and Resilience Plan (NRRP); European Union [CN_00000033, 1034, D43C22001260001]; [3138]; [3175]
dc.description.sponsorshipThis project was funded under the National Recovery and Resilience Plan (NRRP), Mission 4 Component 2 Investment 1.4-Call for tender No. 3138 of 16 December 2021, rectified by Decree n.3175 of 18 December 2021 of Italian Ministry of University and Research funded by the European Union-NextGenerationEU; Award Number: Project code CN_00000033, Concession Decree No. 1034 of 17 June 2022 adopted by the Italian Ministry of University and Research, CUP: D43C22001260001, Project title National Biodiversity Future Center-NBFC.
dc.identifier.doi10.3390/foods14091576
dc.identifier.issn2304-8158
dc.identifier.issue9
dc.identifier.pmid40361658
dc.identifier.scopus2-s2.0-105005116222
dc.identifier.scopusqualityQ1
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.3390/foods14091576
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12885/6053
dc.identifier.volume14
dc.identifier.wosWOS:001486319100001
dc.identifier.wosqualityQ1
dc.indekslendigikaynakWeb of Science
dc.indekslendigikaynakScopus
dc.indekslendigikaynakPubMed
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherMdpi
dc.relation.ispartofFoods
dc.relation.publicationcategoryMakale - Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi - Kurum Öğretim Elemanı
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.snmzWOS_KA_20260207
dc.subjectbiopolymer-based packaging
dc.subjectglycerol
dc.subjectpectin
dc.subjectplasticizer concentration
dc.subjectphysical properties
dc.subjectlemon oil
dc.titleEvaluation of Glycerol Concentration in the Production of Lemon Oil Incorporated Pectin-Based Films Using Principal Component Analysis
dc.typeArticle

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