Formal E-waste facilities as a source of mercury to air and soil in Turkiye

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dc.authorid0000-0002-0506-0470
dc.authorid0000-0003-3836-0901
dc.authorid0000-0002-7718-0340
dc.contributor.authorKurt-Karakus, Perihan Binnur
dc.contributor.authorAkcetin, Merve Ozkaleli
dc.contributor.authorBirgul, Askin
dc.contributor.authorKara, Melik
dc.contributor.authorDumanoglu, Yetkin
dc.contributor.authorYaman, Baris
dc.contributor.authorOdabasi, Mustafa
dc.date.accessioned2026-02-08T15:15:29Z
dc.date.available2026-02-08T15:15:29Z
dc.date.issued2025
dc.departmentBursa Teknik Üniversitesi
dc.description.abstractSpatio-temporal variations of mercury concentrations in air and soil were measured near 20 formal e-waste recycling facilities and 8 background locations in 8 provinces in Turkiye between June 2021 and May 2022. Annual average Gaseous Elemental Mercury (GEM) concentrations in air at the studied formal e-waste facilities averaged 34 ng/m(3) (range from 2.2 to 273 ng/m(3)), exceeding by more than an order of magnitude average levels of 2.2 ng/m(3) (range from 1.6 to 2.6 ng/m(3)) at background sites. Total mercury concentration (THg) concentration in soils near formal e-waste processing facilities of 0.88 mg/kg dw (range from 0.17 and 12 mg/kg dw) similarly exceeded levels of 0.053 mg/kg dw (range from 0.01 to 0.11 mg/kg dw) in background soils. No clear seasonality in air or soil mercury concentrations were observed, possibly due to variations in the magnitude of recycling operations and in the type of consumer products being recycled in different seasons. Indices such as Enhancement Factor (EF) and Geoaccumulation Index (I-geo) used to define pollution degree/classification in studied areas. EF and I-geo values showed that 25 % and 5 % of air and soil samples taken near formal e-waste facilities, respectively, are very strongly polluted (EF and I-geo are > 3). Based on the overall mean I-geo index, 33.75 % of these soil samples are moderately to extremely contaminated (I-geo is greater than 1). Formal e-waste recycling facilities in Turkiye clearly are a source of mercury to the surrounding environment.
dc.description.sponsorshipScientific and Technological Research Council of Turkiye (TUBITAK); Pakistan Science Foundation (PSF) [118Y216]
dc.description.sponsorshipThe project is financially supported by The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkiye (TUBITAK) and Pakistan Science Foundation (PSF) under the grant scheme of Turkiye-Pakistan Bilateral Research Grants (Grant #118Y216) . We are grateful to all participants who allowed us to access in their facilities for sampling.
dc.identifier.doi10.1016/j.wasman.2025.114940
dc.identifier.issn0956-053X
dc.identifier.issn1879-2456
dc.identifier.pmid40516422
dc.identifier.scopus2-s2.0-105007969942
dc.identifier.scopusqualityQ1
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2025.114940
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12885/5795
dc.identifier.volume204
dc.identifier.wosWOS:001511854200002
dc.identifier.wosqualityQ1
dc.indekslendigikaynakWeb of Science
dc.indekslendigikaynakScopus
dc.indekslendigikaynakPubMed
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherPergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd
dc.relation.ispartofWaste Management
dc.relation.publicationcategoryMakale - Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi - Kurum Öğretim Elemanı
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccess
dc.snmzWOS_KA_20260207
dc.subjectE -waste
dc.subjectFormal Recycling
dc.subjectMercury
dc.subjectPassive air sampling
dc.subjectSpatial and Temporal variations
dc.titleFormal E-waste facilities as a source of mercury to air and soil in Turkiye
dc.typeArticle

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