Characterization and distribution of brominated flame retardants in soils from informal E-waste recycling facilities: insights from Pakistan

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dc.authorid0000-0002-8008-750X
dc.contributor.authorKazim, Mureed
dc.contributor.authorSaqib, Zafeer
dc.contributor.authorSyed, Jabir Hussain
dc.contributor.authorOdabasi, Mustafa
dc.contributor.authorKurt-Karakus, Perihan Binnur
dc.date.accessioned2026-02-08T15:14:57Z
dc.date.available2026-02-08T15:14:57Z
dc.date.issued2025
dc.departmentBursa Teknik Üniversitesi
dc.description.abstractE-waste, a global environmental concern, particularly affects developing nations due to the rise in informal recycling practices. This leads to contamination of environmental matrices, posing threats to both ecosystems and human health. To assess this issue, we monitored brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in 164 samples (soil) from 32 informal e-waste operational locations and 9 background locations across nine mega cities of Pakistan from September 2020 to December 2021. The mean concentrations (ng/g) of & sum;27PBDEs (polybrominated diphenyl ethers), & sum;2PBB (polybrominated biphenyls), HBB (hexabromobiphenyl), and & sum;HBCDD (hexabromocyclododecane) were 176 ( 0.76-11141), 31.0 (0.65-58.0), 1.39 (0.01-42.8), and 12.0 (0.22-461), respectively. These levels were significantly higher (6 to tenfold) than those at background sites. Karachi, Faisalabad, Gujranwala, and Lahore exhibited high levels of all BFRs. Notably, BDE-209 (mean = 45.5 ng/g) ranged (0.13-1152 ng/g) exhibited higher level in soil samples. Seasonally, total Sigma BFR concentrations (ng/g) ranked higher in winter (11,620), followed by spring (3874), autumn (3139), and summer (1207) indicating a seasonal impact of recycling activities. The average daily dose for soil ingestion (ng/kg/day) was estimated for BDE-209 (0.10973) in Faisalabad, followed by BDE-47 (0.08616) and BDE-99 (0.06788) in Karachi. Our findings showed that these values were lower than RfD values, suggesting no ingestion risk from studied BFRs. However, the growing prevalence of such informal e-waste recycling facilities could lead to increased exposure to toxic chemicals in near future.
dc.description.sponsorshipUpper Atmosphere Research Commission; Engineering and Management Sciences (BUITEMS); Askin Birgul (Bursa Technical University); Melik Kara (Dokuz Eylul University)
dc.description.sponsorshipAuthors are thankful to Dr. Yasin Naz (University of Agriculture Faisalabad), Mr. Awais-ur-Rehman (CUI), Dr. Zoobia Khattak (Benazir Women University, Peshawar), Dr. Noor Muhammad (CCRI, Multan), Dr. Naeem Akhtar Abbasi (University of Punjab, Lahore), Dr. Jawad Nasir (Pakistan Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARC), Sumera Akram (Bahria University, Islamabad Campus, Pakistan), Mohsin Gulzar Barq (University of Central Punjab, Lahore), Amanullah Mahar (University of Jamshoro, Sindh), Taimoor Shah (Baluchistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences (BUITEMS), Quetta), Merve Ozkaleli Akcetin (Bursa Technical University, Bursa, Turkey), Askin Birgul (Bursa Technical University, Bursa, Turkey), Melik Kara (Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey), Yetkin Dumanoglu (Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey), and Prof. Gan Zhang (Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China) for providing support in e-waste site identification, sample collection, sampling material, and laboratory analysis.
dc.identifier.doi10.1007/s10661-024-13551-9
dc.identifier.issn0167-6369
dc.identifier.issn1573-2959
dc.identifier.issue2
dc.identifier.pmid39760909
dc.identifier.scopus2-s2.0-85214254391
dc.identifier.scopusqualityQ2
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-024-13551-9
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12885/5519
dc.identifier.volume197
dc.identifier.wosWOS:001391731900001
dc.identifier.wosqualityQ3
dc.indekslendigikaynakWeb of Science
dc.indekslendigikaynakScopus
dc.indekslendigikaynakPubMed
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherSpringer
dc.relation.ispartofEnvironmental Monitoring and Assessment
dc.relation.publicationcategoryMakale - Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi - Kurum Öğretim Elemanı
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccess
dc.snmzWOS_KA_20260207
dc.subjectE-waste
dc.subjectInformal recycling
dc.subjectSoils
dc.subjectBrominated flame retardants
dc.subjectHealth risks
dc.titleCharacterization and distribution of brominated flame retardants in soils from informal E-waste recycling facilities: insights from Pakistan
dc.typeArticle

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