A Critical Review of Contaminants of Emerging Concern in Reclaimed Wastewater: Implications for Agricultural Irrigation

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dc.authorid0000-0003-2097-7858
dc.authorid0000-0001-9031-5142
dc.contributor.authorYakamercan, Elif
dc.contributor.authorObijianya, Christian C.
dc.contributor.authorJayakrishnan, U.
dc.contributor.authorAygun, Ahmet
dc.contributor.authorVelluru, Sridevi
dc.contributor.authorKarimi, Mahmoud
dc.contributor.authorSimsek, Halis
dc.date.accessioned2026-02-08T15:15:07Z
dc.date.available2026-02-08T15:15:07Z
dc.date.issued2025
dc.departmentBursa Teknik Üniversitesi
dc.description.abstractThis critical review examines contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) in reclaimed wastewater used for agricultural irrigation, with a focus on their implications for environmental sustainability, food safety, and human and ecosystem health. Increasing water scarcity and climate change have intensified reliance on reclaimed wastewater, making a clear understanding of CEC behavior essential. Drivers of its use include technological advances, while barriers remain in the form of CEC occurrence, regulatory gaps, and public perception. The fate and transport of CECs in soil, water, and air determine their environmental risks. However, concentrations in treated wastewater from municipal/industrial wastewater treatment plants, desalination plant effluents, and others are typically low, with varying composition among similar wastewater. The incomplete removal causes leakage of CECs into reclaimed wastewater, thereby exhibiting persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxicity that can affect soil quality, plant physiology, and food safety. Plant uptake and long-term impacts depend on contaminant properties, irrigation practices, and crop species. Ecological risk assessments suggest moderate to high risks to aquatic organisms, while human health risks are generally low but may rise under worst-case exposure scenarios. Advanced treatment technologies, controlled irrigation, and soil management strategies can mitigate these risks by reducing bioavailability and enabling better monitoring. This review concludes with recommendations for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers to improve the safe and sustainable use of reclaimed wastewater in agriculture.
dc.description.sponsorshipUSDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture; [USDA-AMS-TM-SCMP-G-23-0020]
dc.description.sponsorshipI have included the below sentence after References section of my manuscript. Funding declaration: This project was supported by the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture under award number USDA-AMS-TM-SCMP-G-23-0020. Clinical Trial Number: not applicable
dc.identifier.doi10.1007/s41101-025-00435-3
dc.identifier.issn2366-3340
dc.identifier.issn2364-5687
dc.identifier.issue3
dc.identifier.scopus2-s2.0-105018582993
dc.identifier.scopusqualityQ2
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.1007/s41101-025-00435-3
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12885/5600
dc.identifier.volume10
dc.identifier.wosWOS:001589269900001
dc.identifier.wosqualityQ3
dc.indekslendigikaynakWeb of Science
dc.indekslendigikaynakScopus
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherSpringernature
dc.relation.ispartofWater Conservation Science and Engineering
dc.relation.publicationcategoryMakale - Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi - Kurum Öğretim Elemanı
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.snmzWOS_KA_20260207
dc.subjectCECs
dc.subjectReclaimed wastewater
dc.subjectAgricultural irrigation
dc.subjectDrivers
dc.subjectEnvironmental benefits
dc.titleA Critical Review of Contaminants of Emerging Concern in Reclaimed Wastewater: Implications for Agricultural Irrigation
dc.typeReview Article

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