BPA and its analogues in thermal papers: an assessment of presence and dermal exposure

Basit Öğe Kaydı
dc.authorid0000-0002-9762-5503
dc.authorid0000-0002-0219-1598
dc.authorid0000-0001-6737-3475
dc.contributor.authorAkcetin, Merve Ozkaleli
dc.contributor.authorGul, Hatice Kubra
dc.contributor.authorGoren, Ismail Ethem
dc.contributor.authorDaglioglu, Nebile
dc.contributor.authorKurt-Karakus, Perihan Binnur
dc.date.accessioned2026-02-08T15:15:30Z
dc.date.available2026-02-08T15:15:30Z
dc.date.issued2025
dc.departmentBursa Teknik Üniversitesi
dc.description.abstractThermal papers are a significant source of exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) and other phenolic compounds (PCs), absorbed through the skin via dermal contact. This study analyzed thermal paper receipts from various commercial settings in T & uuml;rkiye to assess BPA and its structural analogs. For both deterministic and probabilistic risk assessments, the estimated daily intake (EDI), hazard quotient (HQ), and hazard index (HI) were calculated for the general population and workers exposed via dermal contact from handling thermal receipts. The results showed that BPA and bisphenol S (BPS) were the most frequently detected chemicals (detected in 99% and 100% of samples, respectively) with concentrations ranging from 1.98-1061 mu g per g paper and 0.070-210 mu g per g paper in thermal paper receipts in T & uuml;rkiye, respectively. The EDI of PCs based on the mean concentration determined in the samples for the general population ranged between 0.00000184 mu g per kg per day and 0.000445 mu g per kg per day, whereas it ranged between 0.0000919 mu g per kg per day and 0.022 mu g per kg per day for occupational exposure of workers. The EDI value based on the mean concentration detected in samples was 0.000445 mu g per kg per day and 0.00223 mu g per kg per day for the general population and occupational exposure, respectively. Exposure to BPS was lower, resulting in exposure values of 0.000039 mu g per kg per day and 0.002 mu g per kg per day for the general population and occupational exposure, respectively. Although these mean concentration based exposure levels are below the U.S. EPA reference dose (50 mu g per kg per day for BPA), they exceed the more stringent European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) total daily intake (TDI) limits set for BPA (0.0002 mu g per kg per day) in some cases, indicating potential health risks. The HQ and HI analyses further underscore the risks, particularly for workers, with HI values surpassing safe thresholds. The study calls for stricter regulations on BPA and its analogs in thermal papers due to the significant risks, even from BPA-free products that use BPS as a substitute.
dc.identifier.doi10.1039/d4va00132j
dc.identifier.endpage502
dc.identifier.issn2754-7000
dc.identifier.issue3
dc.identifier.scopus2-s2.0-85219427789
dc.identifier.scopusqualityQ2
dc.identifier.startpage489
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.1039/d4va00132j
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12885/5810
dc.identifier.volume4
dc.identifier.wosWOS:001388579000001
dc.identifier.wosqualityQ2
dc.indekslendigikaynakWeb of Science
dc.indekslendigikaynakScopus
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherRoyal Soc Chemistry
dc.relation.ispartofEnvironmental Science-Advances
dc.relation.publicationcategoryMakale - Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi - Kurum Öğretim Elemanı
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.snmzWOS_KA_20260207
dc.subjectBisphenol-A Concentrations
dc.subjectDrinking-Water
dc.subjectReceipts
dc.subjectProducts
dc.subjectAlternatives
dc.subjectMarket
dc.subjectAssociation
dc.subjectCountries
dc.subjectToxicity
dc.subjectUrine
dc.titleBPA and its analogues in thermal papers: an assessment of presence and dermal exposure
dc.typeArticle

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