A Study on the Use of Copper Ions for Bacterial Inactivation in Water

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dc.authorid0000-0001-9134-1377
dc.authorid0000-0002-0467-7188
dc.contributor.authorTeksoy, Arzu
dc.contributor.authorOzyigit, Melis Ece
dc.date.accessioned2026-02-08T15:16:03Z
dc.date.available2026-02-08T15:16:03Z
dc.date.issued2025
dc.departmentBursa Teknik Üniversitesi
dc.description.abstractThis study comprehensively evaluated the antimicrobial performance of copper ions against three bacterial species relevant to water systems: E. coli (ATCC 25922), P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), and S. epidermidis (ATCC 12228). Disinfection kinetics were determined at three copper concentrations (0.5, 1.5, and 3.3 mg/L) using the Gard model. E. coli exhibited the highest susceptibility, with inactivation rate constants of 0.63, 3.27, and 9.83, achieving complete inactivation at 3.3 mg/L. P. aeruginosa was the most resistant, showing values below 1.0 across all concentrations, while S. epidermidis displayed intermediate responses. Selected experiments further examined the influence of growth phase, temperature, and water chemistry. Exponential-phase cells were more sensitive than stationary-phase cultures, and higher temperatures (37 degrees C vs. 5 degrees C) significantly enhanced inactivation. Moderate bicarbonate (50 mg/L) improved bacterial removal by stabilizing soluble Cu2+ ions (2.60 lg reduction), whereas elevated calcium and magnesium (Ca2+ 100 mg/L, Mg2+ 50 mg/L) reduced effectiveness (<= 2.10 lg reduction) through competitive interactions. In addition to culture-based methods, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) bioluminescence assays and flow cytometry (FCM) provided complementary insights, confirming early metabolic disruption and membrane damage prior to culturability loss in selected experiments.
dc.description.sponsorshipScientific Research Projects Coordination Unit of Bursa Uludag University [OUAP (M) 2013-36]
dc.description.sponsorshipThis research was funded by the Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit of Bursa Uluda & gbreve; University (Project No: OUAP (M) 2013-36).
dc.identifier.doi10.3390/w17192797
dc.identifier.issn2073-4441
dc.identifier.issue19
dc.identifier.scopus2-s2.0-105018913556
dc.identifier.scopusqualityQ1
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.3390/w17192797
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12885/6099
dc.identifier.volume17
dc.identifier.wosWOS:001593434600001
dc.identifier.wosqualityQ2
dc.indekslendigikaynakWeb of Science
dc.indekslendigikaynakScopus
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherMdpi
dc.relation.ispartofWater
dc.relation.publicationcategoryMakale - Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi - Kurum Öğretim Elemanı
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.snmzWOS_KA_20260207
dc.subjectcopper ionization
dc.subjectbacterial inactivation
dc.subjectE. coli
dc.subjectP. aeruginosa
dc.subjectS. epidermidis
dc.subjectwater disinfection
dc.titleA Study on the Use of Copper Ions for Bacterial Inactivation in Water
dc.typeArticle

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