Utilization of tea waste as a bacterial carrier in self-healing mortars

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dc.authorid0000-0003-0728-0431
dc.authorid0000-0002-5338-4007
dc.authorid0000-0002-5857-8820
dc.contributor.authorYildirim, Musa
dc.contributor.authorOzhan, Hacer Bilir
dc.contributor.authorOz, Hilal Girgin
dc.contributor.authorOgut, Hamdi
dc.date.accessioned2026-02-08T15:15:07Z
dc.date.available2026-02-08T15:15:07Z
dc.date.issued2025
dc.departmentBursa Teknik Üniversitesi
dc.description.abstractThe protection of bacteria in self-healing composites is crucial for an effective healing process. However, materials used for protection often require advanced techniques and incur additional costs. This study investigates the use of tea waste as a bacterial carrier and natural fibre reinforcement in mortar. Tea waste, a fibrous by-product with high water absorption capacity, was used as a bacterial carrier for Bacillus megaterium spores. Mortar samples with different amounts of tea waste containing bacteria were evaluated through crack healing analysis, compressive strength, water absorption, ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), capillarity, and microstructural analyses. Additionally, the healing efficiency of the mortars was investigated using pre-cracked specimens. The results showed that tea waste effectively absorbed and protected the bacterial spores. Due to its fibrous nature, tea waste restricted cracks and created a more favourable condition for self-healing. Bacterial mortars with tea waste repaired cracks up to 0.68 mm wide and exhibited a 26.49% increase in compressive strength compared to control samples after 90 days. Moisture from the tea waste improved the bacterial environment and promoted internal curing, leading to denser structures with higher UPV, reduced water absorption, and lower capillarity. Scanning electron microscopy analysis confirmed that tea waste supported bacterial calcite formation. FT-IR analysis demonstrated that tea waste was highly compatible with the bacterial mortar matrix. Consequently, the incorporation of tea waste led to a notable presence of bacterial calcite products within the mortar structure. The findings indicate that tea waste can be effectively utilized to enhance the self-healing capabilities of mortars.
dc.description.sponsorshipScientific and Technological Research Council of Turkiye (TUBIdot;TAK). Tubitak [124M882]
dc.description.sponsorshipOpen access funding provided by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkiye (TUB & Idot;TAK). Tubitak, 124M882, MUSA YILDIRIM.
dc.identifier.doi10.1007/s43452-025-01227-1
dc.identifier.issn1644-9665
dc.identifier.issn2083-3318
dc.identifier.issue4
dc.identifier.scopus2-s2.0-105007308478
dc.identifier.scopusqualityQ1
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.1007/s43452-025-01227-1
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12885/5610
dc.identifier.volume25
dc.identifier.wosWOS:001502306300002
dc.identifier.wosqualityQ1
dc.indekslendigikaynakWeb of Science
dc.indekslendigikaynakScopus
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherSpringernature
dc.relation.ispartofArchives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering
dc.relation.publicationcategoryMakale - Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi - Kurum Öğretim Elemanı
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.snmzWOS_KA_20260207
dc.subjectTea waste
dc.subjectBacterial carrier
dc.subjectSelf-healing
dc.subjectMortar
dc.titleUtilization of tea waste as a bacterial carrier in self-healing mortars
dc.typeArticle

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