Rietveld refinement-based structural analysis of biogenic hydroxyapatite and its PVA composite for dye removal

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dc.authorid0000-0003-3439-0716
dc.contributor.authorOkur, H. Esma
dc.date.accessioned2026-02-08T15:15:23Z
dc.date.available2026-02-08T15:15:23Z
dc.date.issued2025
dc.departmentBursa Teknik Üniversitesi
dc.description.abstractThe disposal of fish scales is not only an environmental issue but also a missed opportunity to recover valuable resources. In this study, fish-scale waste was transformed into hydroxyapatite (HAp), a material with possible applications in environmental remediation, particularly in removing contaminants from water. While synthetic HAp, with the stoichiometric formula Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2, has been extensively studied, the structural properties of biogenic HAp derived from natural sources, such as fish scales, remain underexplored. To bridge this gap, Rietveld refinement was used to uncover detailed crystallographic information. Using a straightforward calcination process at 800 degrees C, HAp was successfully extracted from recycled European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) scales. The Rietveld analysis of the X-ray powder diffraction data confirms crystallization in a hexagonal phase (space group P63/m), with refined lattice parameters comparable to synthetic HAp and a Ca/P molar ratio of 1.474(7). An impurity phase, Mg-whitlockite (15.9(1) % by weight), was also identified, offering potential benefits for bioactivity and osteoconductivity. Further analysis, including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, confirms the presence of PO43 - and OH- functional groups, while scanning electron microscopy provides insights into the morphology showing variations in crystallization and particle sizes, ranging from 30 to 100 nm across different regions. Additionally, HAp was incorporated into a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) matrix, producing composite films with an adsorption capacity of 38-40 % for methylene blue dye, compared to 36-38 % for pure PVA films. This approach provides a sustainable solution for repurposing fish-scale waste into useful materials with notable potential in environmental remediation, especially in the removal of dyes from wastewater.
dc.description.sponsorshipTabii Soguk Hava Depoculuk Limited Co.
dc.description.sponsorshipThe author would like to express sincere thanks to Kocamanlar Seafood for providing the fish scales used in this study and Tabii Soguk Hava Depoculuk Limited Co. for their financial support.
dc.identifier.doi10.1016/j.mtcomm.2025.111723
dc.identifier.issn2352-4928
dc.identifier.scopus2-s2.0-85216290988
dc.identifier.scopusqualityQ2
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2025.111723
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12885/5756
dc.identifier.volume43
dc.identifier.wosWOS:001421771200001
dc.identifier.wosqualityQ2
dc.indekslendigikaynakWeb of Science
dc.indekslendigikaynakScopus
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherElsevier
dc.relation.ispartofMaterials Today Communications
dc.relation.publicationcategoryMakale - Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi - Kurum Öğretim Elemanı
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccess
dc.snmzWOS_KA_20260207
dc.subjectHydroxyapatite
dc.subjectRietveld refinement
dc.subjectFish scales
dc.subjectPVA composite film
dc.subjectCationic dye adsorption
dc.titleRietveld refinement-based structural analysis of biogenic hydroxyapatite and its PVA composite for dye removal
dc.typeArticle

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