Chemical characterization of archaeological marine wooden piles from the ancient harbor Theodosius in Istanbul

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dc.contributor.authorGonultas, Oktay
dc.contributor.authorBalaban, Mualla
dc.date.accessioned2026-02-08T15:11:04Z
dc.date.available2026-02-08T15:11:04Z
dc.date.issued2024
dc.departmentBursa Teknik Üniversitesi
dc.description.abstractThe ultrastructure and chemical composition of marine wooden piles from Cupressus sempervirens and Castanea sativa, buried for approximately 1000 years, were investigated along with recent woods (RW) using wet chemical analyses, FTIR spectroscopy, and TGA. The ash content in RW chestnut samples was 0.49%, compared to 3.30% in archeological wood (AW), and for cypress, it was 0.32% and 1.87%, respectively. Solubility in ethanol–cyclohexane decreased in the archaeological samples due to extractives leaching, while cypress AW showed increased solubility at 1% NaOH. Differences in polysaccharide degradation ratios during aging were observed, with cypress wood having lower ?-cellulose content than chestnut wood. Glucuronoxylans in hardwood degraded easily, while galactoglucomannan in cypress exhibited more resistance. Lignin showed two types of alteration, with slight increase in hardwood and higher values in softwood due to reduced holocellulose. Micro and morphological changes were identified using light microscopy and SEM. Inorganic material accumulation was observed in AW, while resin residues were found only in cypress wood. Cell wall delamination, degradation in ray cells, and deposits from inorganic matter or fungal hyphae were observed. EDX analysis revealed lower potassium contents in AW samples compared to petrified wood. Iron was detected in archaeological chestnut wood, attributed to tannin content acting as a chelator. Chestnut AW exhibited high calcium content due to calcification. FTIR spectra showed minimal hemicellulose peaks in archaeological samples, consistent with wet analysis. The disappearance of the shoulder below 300 °C in the DTG curve indicated hemicellulose loss, especially in AW chestnut. Lignin index values correlated with wet analysis, with higher values in cypress AW. The intensity of lignin-associated peaks at 1510 cm?1 was higher in archaeological samples. The second peak in the DTG curve, related to lignin and phenolic compound degradation, was observed at lower temperatures, particularly in chestnut AW. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.
dc.identifier.doi10.1007/s00107-023-01990-z
dc.identifier.endpage217
dc.identifier.issn0018-3768
dc.identifier.issue1
dc.identifier.scopus2-s2.0-85171299134
dc.identifier.scopusqualityQ1
dc.identifier.startpage203
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-023-01990-z
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12885/5220
dc.identifier.volume82
dc.indekslendigikaynakScopus
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherSpringer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH
dc.relation.ispartofEuropean Journal of Wood and Wood Products
dc.relation.publicationcategoryMakale - Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi - Kurum Öğretim Elemanı
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccess
dc.snmzScopus_KA_20260207
dc.subjectBiomineralization
dc.subjectCellulose
dc.subjectDegradation
dc.subjectFourier transform infrared spectroscopy
dc.subjectFruits
dc.subjectHardwoods
dc.subjectPiles
dc.subjectSodium hydroxide
dc.subjectSoftwoods
dc.subjectSolubility
dc.subjectArchaeological woods
dc.subjectCastanea sativa
dc.subjectChemical characterization
dc.subjectChemical compositions
dc.subjectChestnut wood
dc.subjectFTIR spectroscopy
dc.subjectIstanbul
dc.subjectWet analysis
dc.subjectWet chemical analysis
dc.subjectWooden pile
dc.subjectLignin
dc.subjectSodium Hydroxide
dc.titleChemical characterization of archaeological marine wooden piles from the ancient harbor Theodosius in Istanbul
dc.typeArticle

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