A DES or LTTM: Eco-friendly solvent mediums for conversion of biomass to levulinic acid as a key chemical

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dc.authorid0000-0002-4955-7366
dc.contributor.authorNis, Berna
dc.contributor.authorOzsel, Burcak Kaya
dc.contributor.authorKaya, Yunus
dc.date.accessioned2026-02-08T15:15:22Z
dc.date.available2026-02-08T15:15:22Z
dc.date.issued2024
dc.departmentBursa Teknik Üniversitesi
dc.description.abstractIn this study, the effect of using environmentally friendly, less toxic, low cost, and easily recyclable deep eutectic solvent (DES) and low-transition temperature mixture (LTTM), which are alternatives to ionic liquids, on the conversion of biomass to levulinic acid (LA) was investigated. The reaction conditions such as temperature, the amount of feedstock, and the water ratio were optimized to ensure maximum product formation in DES (ChClEG)-water medium. The highest amount of LA (143.2 +/- 2.5 mg) under optimum reaction conditions was achieved by using glucose in a newly designed LTTM (SA:EG)-water solvent medium. Newly designed low-transition temperature mixture (SA:EG) characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analyses. A comprehensive theoretical study was also performed to provide a deep understanding of the formation mechanisms of new LTTM by density functional theory (DFT), reduced density gradient (RDG), frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs), and molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) methods. The glucose conversion ratio increased from 70.2 % to 96.1 % in SA:EG-water medium. When microcrystalline cellulose, corn straw, and sorghum were used under the same conditions, 118.9 +/- 5.4, 36.8 +/- 9.4, and 32.6 +/- 3.4 mg of LA were obtained per g of feedstock. A typical Br & oslash;nsted acid; phosphotungstic acid (H3O40PW12) showed high catalytic activity, resulting in 229.0 +/- 0.32 mg of LA per g of glucose in SA:EG-water medium. This shows that the use of SA:EG LTTM for cellulosic/lignocellulosic biomass sources can be used favorably in conversion reactions.
dc.description.sponsorshipThe authors gratefully acknowledge Bursa Technical University for providing research infrastructure support. Enes Nis is also gratefully acknowledged for his support in the illustration of the graphical abstract.
dc.identifier.doi10.1016/j.molliq.2024.125462
dc.identifier.issn0167-7322
dc.identifier.issn1873-3166
dc.identifier.scopus2-s2.0-85198265539
dc.identifier.scopusqualityQ1
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2024.125462
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12885/5752
dc.identifier.volume409
dc.identifier.wosWOS:001269388300001
dc.identifier.wosqualityN/A
dc.indekslendigikaynakWeb of Science
dc.indekslendigikaynakScopus
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherElsevier
dc.relation.ispartofJournal of Molecular Liquids
dc.relation.publicationcategoryMakale - Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi - Kurum Öğretim Elemanı
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccess
dc.snmzWOS_KA_20260207
dc.subjectDeep eutectic solvent (DES)
dc.subjectLow-transition temperature mixture (LTTM)
dc.subjectLevulinic acid (LA)
dc.subjectCholine chloride (ChCl)
dc.subjectSulfamic acid
dc.subjectEthylene glycol
dc.titleA DES or LTTM: Eco-friendly solvent mediums for conversion of biomass to levulinic acid as a key chemical
dc.typeArticle

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