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Öğe An Investigation of the Effectiveness of Super White Cement in Improving the Engineering Properties of Organic Soils by Laboratory Tests(Mdpi, 2025) Avci, Eyubhan; Balci, Mehmet C.; Toprak, Muhammed A.; Uysal, Melih; Deveci, Emre; Karatas, Gozde Algun; Donertas, Yunus E.In this study, the efficacy of super white cement (SWC) to improve organic soils was researched. For stabilization, 10%, 15%, and 20% proportions of SWC were added to organic soil. After improvement with SWC, Atterberg limit testing, standard Proctor tests, triaxial compression tests, and swelling and compressibility tests were performed on the organic soil. Proctor tests showed that stabilization of organic soil with SWC increased maximum dry density (MDD) and optimum moisture content (OMC) values. After stabilization, the unconfined compressional strength values of the soil increased. This increase continued until the 28th day and had a reducing trend after improvement with SWC, linked to time. In addition to the reaction between SWC and OS, the time-dependent behavior of OS also contributed to this behavior. With the increase in SWC proportions, the cohesion intercept and internal friction angle values rapidly increased until the 56th day. This increase began to reduce after the 56th day. After stabilization, the swelling percentage and compressibility values for the soil reduced. The addition of SWC within organic soil appeared to improve the engineering properties of the soil.Öğe Effect of Sodium Silicate on the Strength and Permeability Properties of Ultrafine Cement Grouted Sands(American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), 2021) Avcı, Eyübhan; Deveci, Emre; Gokce A.In this experimental study, the effect of sodium silicate (SS) added into an ultrafine-cement-suspension injection on the strength and permeability properties of grouted sand samples was investigated. The experiment started with a test for identifying the bleeding and viscosity values and setting times. This was followed by injecting sand samples prepared in different gradations with ultrafine cement (UC) with and without SS additive. In the experiments, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 were used as the water:cement ratios, and 1%, 3%, and 5% were used as the SS additive ratios. Unconfined compression tests were performed on the sand specimens that were successful in the injection tests on days 3, 7, 14, 28, 56, and 90; and permeability tests were performed on days 7, 28, 56, and 90. While viscosity values increased with the addition of SS into the UC, bleeding values and setting times decreased. Injectability slightly decreased with the addition of SS into the UC. The addition of SS into the UC-suspension injection increased the unconfined compressive strength. Injected samples gained strength faster with the addition of SS into the UC. Adding sodium silicate into the UC-suspension injection reduced permeability values. In the experimental study, it was observed that the addition of SS additive into the UC improved the permeability and strength properties of sand samples after injection.Öğe Engineering properties of ultrafine blast furnace slag cement stabilized low plasticity clayey soil(Gazi Universitesi, 2021) Mollamahmutoǧlu M.; Avcı, Eyübhan; Deveci, Emre; Gökçe A.In this study, it was aimed to determine some engineering properties of the low plasticity clayey soil stabilized with ultrafine blast furnace slag cement (Spinor A6). Firstly, the fundamental geotechnical characteristics of clayey soil specimens stabilized with the contents of 8%, 10% and 12% ultrafine blast furnace slag cement were experimentally ascertained. Then, the compressive strength, compressibiliy and swelling tests were conducted on the ultrafine blast furnace slag cement stabilized clayey soil specimens that were compacted at the optimum moisture content and maximum dry density. Experimental data showed that after stabilization of low plasticity clayey soil with ultrafine blast furnace slag cement, its strength increased by 9 to 14 times in air dried samples and 9 to 12 times wet-cured samples after 90 days. In addition, at the end of the 90th day, compressibility decreased between 18.3 and 19.2 times in air dried samples and between 17.6 and 18.5 times in wet-cured samples. Finally, it was determined that the swelling potential decreased between 67.5 and 270.0 times in the samples that were kept in the air dried at the end of the 90th day and between 54.0 and 101.2 times in the samples that were kept in the wet-cured samples. Test results showed that the compressive strength of low plasticity clayey soil increased and its compressibility and swelling index decreased with time as ultrafine blast furnace slag cement was added to the soil.Öğe Farklı kür sıcaklıkları ve kür koşullarının ince taneli çimento ile enjeksiyon yapılmış kum zeminlerin permeabilite katsayısına etkisi(Gazi Üniversitesi, 2022) Avcı, Eyubhan; Deveci, Emre; Gökçe, AydınBu deneysel çalışmada farklı kür sıcaklıkları ve farklı kür koşullarının ince taneli çimento ile enjeksiyon yapılmış kum numunelerin permeabilite katsayısına etkisi araştırılmıştır. Deneylere farklı Su/Çimento (S/Ç) oranlarında hazırlanmış ince taneli çimento süspansiyonlarının reolojik özelliklerinin (sedimentasyon, viskozite ve katılaşma süresi) belirlenmesi deneyleri ile başlanmıştır. Reolojik özellikler belirlendikten sonra S/Ç oranları 1,5, 1,8, 2,1 ve 2,5 olan ince taneli çimento süspansiyonları ile farklı gradasyonda ve %30 rölatif sıkılıkta hazırlanmış kum numunelere enjeksiyon deneyleri yapılmıştır. Enjeksiyon deneylerinde başarılı olan numuneler farklı kür sıcaklıkları ve farklı kür koşullarında bekletilerek 3, 7, 14, 28, 56 ve 120. günlerde düşen seviyeli permeabilite deneyleri yapılmıştır. İnce taneli çimento ile enjeksiyon yapılmış ve kür tankında bekletilmiş olan numunelerin permeabilite katsayıları zamana bağlı olarak azalırken, açık ortamda bekletilen numunelerin permeabilite katsayıları zamana bağlı olarak artmıştır. Sıcaklığın artması kür tankında bekletilen numunelerin permeabilite katsayısını artırırken, açık ortamda bekletilen numunelerin permeabilite katsayısını azaltmıştır. İnce taneli çimento ile enjeksiyon yapılmış ve açık ortamda bekletilmiş olan numunelerin permeabilite katsayı değerleri kür tankında bekletilmiş olan numunelerin permeabilite katsayı değerlerinden yüksek çıkmıştır. Yapılan deneysel çalışmalar farklı kür süresi ve sıcaklığının ince taneli çimento ile enjeksiyon yapılmış kum numunelerin permeabilite katsayısını etkilediğini göstermiştir.Öğe Improved Engineering Properties of SWC and OPC-Treated HPC Soil(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2025) Mollamahmutog?lu, Murat; Avci, Eyübhan; Yildirim, Eray; Deveci, Emre; Uysal, MelihIn this research, it was aimed to treat high plasticity clayey (HPC) soil with super white cement (SWC). To determine the effectiveness of SWC in the stabilization of HPC soil, ordinary Portland cement (OPC) was also used in the experimental studies for the purpose of comparison. As the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) values of SWC-treated HPC specimens dried in open air showed an increase of 390%, the UCS values of wet-cured specimens showed a 235% increase. In addition, while the UCS values of OPC-treated HPC specimens dried in open air displayed an increase of 235%, the UCS values of wet-cured specimens displayed a 130% increase. Both stabilizers were also effective in reducing the swelling pressure and the swelling percentage of HPC soil. The swelling pressure and percentage of HPC soil treated with OPC were reduced by 50 and 90% respectively. As the compressibility of HPC soil stabilized with SWC was reduced by 95%, the compressibility of HPC soil stabilized with OPC was reduced by 88%. The UCS, swelling and compressibility tests have shown that New type cement of SWC is a more effective material than OPC in improving the engineering properties of HPC. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Shiraz University 2025.Öğe Kimyasal enjeksiyon yapılmış siltli-ince kum karışımlarının mühendislik özelliklerinin araştırılması(Bursa Teknik Üniversitesi, 2020) Deveci, Emre; Avcı, EyübhanBu çalışmada, sodyum silikat-formamid ve sodyum silikat-glioksal karışımlarının siltli-ince kum karışımlarına enjekte edilebilirliği ile birlikte enjeksiyonda başarılı olan numunelerin mühendislik özellikleri araştırılmıştır. Deneylere ilk olarak silt ve ince kum numuneler üzerinde elek analizi, hidrometre, özgül ağırlık, maksimum-minimum boşluk oranları ve permeabilite katsayısı belirleme deneyleri yapılarak başlanmış ve enjeksiyon deneylerinde kullanılacak olan silt-ince kum karışımı numunelere ait gradasyonlar belirlenmiştir. Daha sonra deneylerde kullanılacak en uygun karışım oranlarının belirlenmesi amacıyla sodyum silikat-formamid ve sodyum silikat-glioksal solüsyonları üzerinde reolojik özellik belirleme (jelleşme süreleri, sinerez yüzdeleri ve viskozite) deneyleri yapılmıştır. Enjeksiyon deneylerinden kullanılacak en uygun karışım oranları olarak; Sodyum silikat-formamid karışımlarında sodyum silikat oranı %70 ve %50 olan solüsyonlar, sodyum silikat-glioksal karışımlarında ise sodyum silikat oranı %53,76 ve %60 olan solüsyonlar seçilmiştir. Yapılan tüm enjeksiyon deneylerinde numunelerin tamamında başarı sağlanmıştır. Sodyum silikat-formamid ile yapılan enjeksiyon deneylerinde minimum enjeksiyon basınç değerleri 0,20 ile 3,00 bar arasında, sodyum silikat-glioksal ile yapılan enjeksiyon deneylerinde minimum enjeksiyon basınç değerleri 0,30 ile 2,90 bar arasında çıkmıştır. Tane çapı küçüldükçe ve sodyum silikat yüzdesi arttıkça minimum enjeksiyon basınç değerleri artmıştır. Enjeksiyon deneyinde başarılı olan tüm numuneler üzerinde farklı kür koşullarında (açık ortam, streçli ve kür tankında bekletilen) 7., 14., 28. ve 56 günlerde zamana bağlı olarak serbest basınç deneyleri yapılmıştır. Sodyum silikat-formamid ile enjeksiyon yapılmış numunelerde dayanım değerleri 0,26 ile 6,90 MPa arasında, sodyum silikat-glioksal ile enjeksiyon yapılmış numunelede dayanım değerleri 0,44 ile 2,14 MPa arasında çıkmıştır. Sodyum silikat oranının artması ile dayanım değeri artmıştır. Enjeksiyon yapılmış numunelerde en yüksek dayanım 4 nolu karışımda (%70 ince kum- %30 silt) gözlemlenmekte iken, en düşük dayanımlar 5 nolu karışımda (%100 ince kum) gözlemlenmiştir. Kür koşulları açısından değerlendirildiğinde en yüksek dayanımlar açık ortamda bekletilmiş numunelerde gözlemlenmiş iken en düşük dayanımlar kür tankında bekletilmiş numuneler üzerinde gözlemlenmiştir. Son olarak enjeksiyon deneyinde başarılı olan numuneler üzerinde numuneler molddan çıkarılmadan 14. günde düşen seviyeli permeabilite deneyleri yapılarak permeabilite katsayıları (k) tespit edilmiştir. Sodyum silikat-formamid ile enjeksiyon yapılmış numunelerde permeabilite değerleri 6,08x10-6 ile 4,18x10-5 cm/sn arasında, sodyum silikat-glioksal ile enjeksiyon yapılmış numunelerde permeabilite değerleri 2,29x10-6 ile 1,48x10-5 cm/sn arasında çıkmıştır. İnce kum-silt karışımlarında silt yüzdesinin artması ile permeabilite değerleri azalmıştır. İnce kum-silt karışımlarına sodyum silikat-formamid enjeksiyonu yapılması ile permeabilite değerleri 10-3 ile 10-2 kat arasında, sodyum silikat-glioksal enjeksiyonu yapılması ile permeabilite değerleri 10-4 ile 10-2 kat arasında azalmıştır. Yapılan deneysel çalışmalar sodyum silikat-formamid ve sodyum silikat-glioksal karışımlarının saf silt numuneye ve siltli ince kum karışımlarına rahatlıkla enjekte edilebileceğini göstermiştir.Öğe Sodium silicate-formamide grouted silt and silty sand properties(2022) Avcı, Eyübhan; Mollamahmutoğlu, Murat; Deveci, EmreIn this study, the hydraulic conductivity and strength characteristics of various graded silt and silty fine sands grouted with sodium silicate-formamide solutions were investigated. In the determination of the most suitable sodium silicate-formamide solutions for grouting, viscosity, gel time, and syneresis tests were implemented at first. SF1 and SF7 solutions were found convenient accordingly. The groutability tests were conducted on the silt and silty fine sand specimens prepared at five different gradations with SF1 and SF7 solutions and all specimens were successfully grouted. The successfully grouted specimens were kept under two different curing conditions, wet-cured and air-dried, and subjected to unconfined compressive strength (UCS) tests at different time intervals. As the UCS of air-dried specimens increased the UCS of wet-cured specimens decreased with time. In general, the UCS of air-dried specimens was higher than those of wet-cured samples. The UCS values of specimens grouted with SF1 solutions were higher than those of SF7 grouted specimens. On the other hand, the permeabilities of silt and silty fine specimens were reduced with both SF1 and SF2 grouts and the permeabilities of SF1 injected samples were higher than those of SF7 grouted samples. The permeabilities of SF1 and SF7 grouted specimens increased with time.Öğe Soil Amplification and Code Compliance: A Case Study of the 2023 Kahramanmaraş Earthquakes in Hayrullah Neighborhood(Mdpi, 2025) Avci, Eyubhan; Afacan, Kamil Bekir; Deveci, Emre; Uysal, Melih; Altundas, Suna; Balci, Mehmet CanIn the earthquakes that occurred in the Pazarc & imath;k (Mw = 7.7) and Elbistan (Mw = 7.6) districts of Kahramanmara & scedil; Province on 6 February 2023, many buildings collapsed in the Hayrullah neighborhood of the Oniki & scedil;ubat district. In this study, we investigated whether there was a soil amplification effect on the damage occurring in the Hayrullah neighborhood of the Oniki & scedil;ubat district of Kahramanmara & scedil; Province. Firstly, borehole, SPT, MASW (multi-channel surface wave analysis), microtremor, electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), and vertical electrical sounding (VES) tests were carried out in the field to determine the engineering properties and behavior of soil. Laboratory tests were also conducted using samples obtained from bore holes and field tests. Then, an idealized soil profile was created using the laboratory and field test results, and site dynamic soil behavior analyses were performed on the extracted profile. According to The Turkish Building Code (TBC 2018), the earthquake level DD-2 design spectra of the project site were determined and the average design spectrum was created. Considering the seismicity of the project site and TBC (2018) criteria (according to site-specific faulting, distance, and average shear wave velocity), 11 earthquake ground motion sets were selected and harmonized with DD-2 spectra in short, medium, and long periods. Using scaled motions, the soil profile was excited with 22 different earthquake scenarios and the results were obtained for the equivalent and non-linear models. The analysis showed that the soft soil conditions in the area amplified ground shaking by up to 2.8 times, especially for longer periods (1.0-2.5 s). This level of amplification was consistent with the damage observed in mid- to high-rise buildings, highlighting the important role of local site effects in the structural losses seen during the Kahramanmara & scedil; earthquakes.Öğe Strength and permeability properties of sodium silicate-glyoxal-stabilized silt and fine sand(Geological Soc Publ House, 2022) Mollamahmutoglu, Murat; Avci, Eyubhan; Deveci, EmreIn this research, the suitability of sodium silicate-glyoxal (SG) grout to stabilize silt and fine sand was investigated. In addition, the permeability and strength properties of grouted silt-fine sand samples were determined under two particular curing circumstances and at different time intervals. Initially, the gelation time, viscosity and syneresis of SG solutions prepared at different contents were investigated to determine the suitable mixtures. In this regard, the solutions of SG2 and SG6 were determined to be the most suitable for the grouting purpose of silt and fine sand samples. Thereafter, silt and fine sand, as well as silty fine sand samples, were successfully grouted with the selected solutions of SG2 (glyoxal/sodium silicate ratio 0.23) and SG6 (glyoxal/sodium silicate ratio 0.25). Unconfined compressive strength (UCS) tests were conducted on the successfully grouted air-dried and wet-cured samples on days 7, 14, 28, 56 and 90 of curing. While the UCS values of air-dried samples ranged from 1.36 to 2.17 MPa, the UCS values of wet-cured samples varied from 0.43 to 1.01 MPa. Whilst the lowest UCS of grouted samples was obtained under wet-cured conditions, the highest UCS of grouted samples was recorded under air-dried conditions. Moreover, the permeabilities of injected silt and fine sand samples ranged from 1.02 x 10(-5) to 3.77 x 10(-6) cm s(-1). The permeabilities of silt and fine sand samples were decreased through SG grouting by two-four orders of magnitude. In general, SG grouting, organic in nature and environment friendly, was successful in stabilizing the silt and fine sand where the cementitious grouting failed to penetrate.Öğe Strength and permeability properties of sodium silicate-sodium dihydrogen phosphate grouted sand(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2021) Mollamahmutoğlu, Murat; Avcı, Eyubhan; Deveci, Emre; Gokce, Aydın; Yıldırım, ErayIn this study, it was aimed at investigating the injection performance of sodium silicate-sodium dihydrogen phosphate grouts into different graded sand samples, the time-dependent strength, and the permeability properties of injected specimens under different curing conditions. At first, the viscosity, gel time, and syneresis of grout mixtures were determined based on the contents of grout components included in grout mixtures. Syneresis is the process that causes the grout gel to shrink due to the exudation of liquid. While the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of air-dried samples increased with time (varied from 740 kPa and 1529 kPa at the end of the 150th day), the UCS of wet-cured specimens decreased with time (ranged from 49 kPa and 293 kPa at the end of 150th day). The air-dried strengths of M4, M6, and M9 grouted specimens were 11.8, 8.39, and 5.77 times greater than those of wet-cured specimens, respectively. The permeability of various graded sand specimens was decreased with sodium silicate-sodium dihydrogen phosphate grouts under both wet-cured and air-dried conditions. As the decrease in the permeability of wet-cured specimens was one to four orders of magnitude, the decrease in the permeability of wet-cured specimens was two to five orders of magnitude
