ENF Based Robust Media Time-Stamping

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dc.authorid0000-0002-0103-9762
dc.authorid0000-0002-6200-1717
dc.contributor.authorVatansever, Saffet
dc.contributor.authorDirik, Ahmet Emir
dc.contributor.authorMemon, Nasir
dc.date.accessioned2026-02-12T21:04:53Z
dc.date.available2026-02-12T21:04:53Z
dc.date.issued2022
dc.departmentBursa Teknik Üniversitesi
dc.description.abstractElectric Network Frequency (ENF) continuously fluctuates around a nominal value (50/60 Hz) due to a persistent imbalance between supplied and demanded power. In certain circumstances, ENF gets intrinsically embedded into audio and video recordings and can be extracted from these recordings. Consequently, ENF can be used in a number of media forensic applications, such as verifying the time of recording of the media. In this work, a robust media time-stamping approach is proposed for media whose ENF content is relatively contaminated. It essentially entails two procedures: first, detecting all useful, i.e., considerably accurate, samples of an estimated ENF signal, and then applying an adapted normalized cross-correlation process that is designed for exploiting just the selected ENF portions based on a binary mask of the identified accurate samples. Experimental results show that the proposed approach provides significantly increased performance.
dc.description.sponsorshipDefense Advanced Research Projects Agency; Air Force Research Laboratory [FA8750-16-2-0173]
dc.description.sponsorshipThis work was supported in part by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency and in part by the Air Force Research Laboratory under Grant FA8750-16-2-0173. The associate editor coordinating the review of this manuscript and approving it for publication was Prof. Z. JaneWang.
dc.identifier.doi10.1109/LSP.2022.3205563
dc.identifier.endpage1967
dc.identifier.issn1070-9908
dc.identifier.issn1558-2361
dc.identifier.scopus2-s2.0-85137919808
dc.identifier.scopusqualityQ1
dc.identifier.startpage1963
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.1109/LSP.2022.3205563
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12885/6704
dc.identifier.volume29
dc.identifier.wosWOS:000856100400004
dc.identifier.wosqualityQ2
dc.indekslendigikaynakWeb of Science
dc.indekslendigikaynakScopus
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherIeee-Inst Electrical Electronics Engineers Inc
dc.relation.ispartofIeee Signal Processing Letters
dc.relation.publicationcategoryMakale - Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi - Kurum Öğretim Elemanı
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccess
dc.snmzKA_WoS_20260212
dc.subjectMedia
dc.subjectNoise measurement
dc.subjectForensics
dc.subjectRecording
dc.subjectHarmonic analysis
dc.subjectEstimation
dc.subjectSignal processing algorithms
dc.subjectENF
dc.subjectelectric network frequency
dc.subjectmedia forensics
dc.subjectmultimedia forensics
dc.subjecttime-of-recording
dc.subjecttime-stamping
dc.titleENF Based Robust Media Time-Stamping
dc.typeArticle

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