Fıstıkçamı kabuk taneni ve valeks taneni ile hazırlanan biyotutkalların özelliklerinin belirlenmesi
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Dosyalar
Tarih
2019
Yazarlar
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Yayıncı
Bursa Teknik Üniversitesi
Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
Bu yüksek lisans tez çalışmasında tanen tutkallarının formaldehit içeren sentetik alternatifleri ile karşılaştırmalı olarak çeşitli performans özellikleri araştırılmıştır. Araştırmada, genellikle atık konumunda bulunan fakat önemli bir odun dışı orman ürünü kaynağı olan kabuk ve meşe palamudunun potansiyelinin ortaya konması hedeflenmiştir. Bunun için fıstıkçamı kabuk taneni ve meşe palamudu kadehinden elde edilen valeks taneni kullanılarak üretilen tanen tutkallarının bazı özellikleri belirlenmiştir. Çalışmada kullanılan meşe palamudu kadehleri Manisa ilinde faaliyet gösteren AR-TU Kimya ve Ticaret A.Ş.'den, fıstıkçamı kabukları ise Bergama bölgesindeki orman işletmelerinin kesim artıklardan temin edilmiştir. Çalışma kapsamında önce kadeh ve kabuk örneklerinden su ile tanen ekstraksiyonu gerçekleştirilmiştir. Kabuk ve kadeh tozları etil alkol ve saf su kullanılarak ekstrakte edilmiştir. Ekstraksiyon çözeltileri süzülmüş ve elde edilen sulu tanen çözeltileri buharlaştırılarak uygun katı madde oranına getirilmiştir. Elde edilen sıvı tanen çözeltileri sekiz çeşit sertleştirici ile değişik oranlarda reaksiyona sokularak biyotutkal üretim denemeleri yapılmıştır. Sentezlenen biyotutkalların jelleşme zamanı, viskozite, pH, yoğunluk, katı madde oranı ve yapışma direnç kuvvetleri, mimoza ticari taneni ve ticari üre formaldehit tutkalı ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Tüm tutkal örneklerinin ıslak ve kuru yapışma kuvvet değerlerini belirlemek için 3 mm kalınlığındaki kayın kaplamalardan lap-shear örnekleri hazırlanmıştır. Son olarak biyotutkalların TGA ve FTIR analizleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda üretilen biyotutkallara ait en yüksek pH değerinin sertleştirici olarak tris (hidroksimetil) nitrometan kullanılan örneklere ait oluduğu belirlenmiştir. Viskozite değerleri incelendiğinde ise valeks taneni biyotutkallarının hegzamin kullanılan formülasyonlarında yüksek viskozite görülmüştür. Fıstıkçamı tanen biyotutkallarında ise yüksek viskoziteden ötürü formaldehit ve paraformaldehit kullanılan örneklerde jelleşme gerçekleşmiştir. En yüksek jelleşme zamanı 1800 sn. ile fıstıkçamı taneninin benzaldehitli formülasyonuna aitken, en düşük jelleşme zamanı formaldehit kullanılan fıstıkçamı biyotutkalında 55 sn. olarak kaydedilmiştir. Yapılan testler ticari UF tutkalına en yakın kuru yapışma direncinin fıstıkçamı biyotutkalının formaldehitli formülasyonunda olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Paraformaldehit kullanılarak hazırlanan fıstıkçamı biyotutkal örneğinin ıslak çekme direnci ise UF tutkalından daha yüksektir. Valeks biyotutkalları ıslak dayanım göstermemiş olup en yüksek kuru yapışma dayanımı valeks ticari taneninde gözlenmiştir. Son olarak, üretilen biyotutkalların termal olarak UF tutkalından daha kararlı olduğu termogravimetrik analizler ile ortaya konmuştur.
In this master thesis, various performance properties of tannin based adhesives were comparetively was investigated with synthetic alternatives which contain formaldehyde. In this research, it is also aimed to reveal the use potential of bark and acorn cup (cupule) which are important non-wood forest products generally considered as waste. For this purpose, some properties of tannin based adhesives produced by using stone pine bark tannin and valex tannin obtained from cupule were determined. The cupules used in the study were obtained from "AR-TU Kimya ve Ticaret A.S." operating in Manisa province in Turkey and stone pine barks were obtained from the cut residues of forest enterprises in Bergama region of Turkey. Within the scope of the study, tannin extraction of acorn cup and bark samples with water was first carried out. The acorn cup and bark powders were then extracted by using ethyl alcohol and distilled water. The extraction solutions were filtered, and the resulting aqueous tannin solutions were evaporated to obtain an appropriate solid matter ratio. The obtained liquid tannin solutions were reacted with eight kinds of hardener at different ratios and bioadhesive production experiments were performed. The gelling time, viscosity, pH, density, solid matter content and bonding strenght parameters of the synthesized bioadhesives were compared with mimosa commercial tannin, valex commercial tannin and commercial urea formaldehyde adhesive. Lap-shear samples were prepared from beech veneers of 3 mm thickness to determine wet and dry adhesion strength values of all adhesive samples. Finally, TGA and FTIR analyses of bioadhesives were performed. As a result of the study, the highest pH value of the bioadhesives was seen in the adhesives produced from the samples used tris (hydroxymethyl) nitromethane as hardener. When viscosity values were examined, it was observed that high viscosity was found in hexamine formulations of valex tannin-based bioadhesives. Gelling of stonepine bark tannin-based bioadhesives was obtained by using high viscosity formaldehyde and paraformaldehyde. While the highest gelling time of 1800 sec. was obtained in stone pine bark tannin formulation with benzaldehyde, the lowest gelling time of 55 sec. was recorded for stone pine bark tannin bioadhesive with formaldehyde. Tests showed that the dry bonding strength closest to the commercial UF adhesive was in the formaldehyde formulation of stone pine. The wet strength of the stone pine bioadhesive sample prepared using paraformaldehyde is higher than UF adhesive. Valex bioadhesives don't have wet strength while the highest dry strength was observed in VCT. Finally, it was demonstrated by thermogravimetric analysis that the bioadhesives produced were thermally more stable than UF adhesive.
In this master thesis, various performance properties of tannin based adhesives were comparetively was investigated with synthetic alternatives which contain formaldehyde. In this research, it is also aimed to reveal the use potential of bark and acorn cup (cupule) which are important non-wood forest products generally considered as waste. For this purpose, some properties of tannin based adhesives produced by using stone pine bark tannin and valex tannin obtained from cupule were determined. The cupules used in the study were obtained from "AR-TU Kimya ve Ticaret A.S." operating in Manisa province in Turkey and stone pine barks were obtained from the cut residues of forest enterprises in Bergama region of Turkey. Within the scope of the study, tannin extraction of acorn cup and bark samples with water was first carried out. The acorn cup and bark powders were then extracted by using ethyl alcohol and distilled water. The extraction solutions were filtered, and the resulting aqueous tannin solutions were evaporated to obtain an appropriate solid matter ratio. The obtained liquid tannin solutions were reacted with eight kinds of hardener at different ratios and bioadhesive production experiments were performed. The gelling time, viscosity, pH, density, solid matter content and bonding strenght parameters of the synthesized bioadhesives were compared with mimosa commercial tannin, valex commercial tannin and commercial urea formaldehyde adhesive. Lap-shear samples were prepared from beech veneers of 3 mm thickness to determine wet and dry adhesion strength values of all adhesive samples. Finally, TGA and FTIR analyses of bioadhesives were performed. As a result of the study, the highest pH value of the bioadhesives was seen in the adhesives produced from the samples used tris (hydroxymethyl) nitromethane as hardener. When viscosity values were examined, it was observed that high viscosity was found in hexamine formulations of valex tannin-based bioadhesives. Gelling of stonepine bark tannin-based bioadhesives was obtained by using high viscosity formaldehyde and paraformaldehyde. While the highest gelling time of 1800 sec. was obtained in stone pine bark tannin formulation with benzaldehyde, the lowest gelling time of 55 sec. was recorded for stone pine bark tannin bioadhesive with formaldehyde. Tests showed that the dry bonding strength closest to the commercial UF adhesive was in the formaldehyde formulation of stone pine. The wet strength of the stone pine bioadhesive sample prepared using paraformaldehyde is higher than UF adhesive. Valex bioadhesives don't have wet strength while the highest dry strength was observed in VCT. Finally, it was demonstrated by thermogravimetric analysis that the bioadhesives produced were thermally more stable than UF adhesive.
Açıklama
Anahtar Kelimeler
Ormancılık ve Orman Mühendisliği, Forestry and Forest Engineering
