Çarlık Rusya'nın Türk Boğazları'na yönelik politikası
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Dosyalar
Tarih
2024
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Yayıncı
Bursa Teknik Üniversitesi, Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü
Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
Yakın tarihte Rusya - Gürcistan savaşı, Rusya - Ukrayna arasında Kırım savaşı ve günümüzde Rusya - Ukrayna savaşı ile gündeme gelen Türk Boğazları'ndan geçiş usulleri Montrö Boğazlar Sözleşmesi'ne rağmen hala gündemdeki yerini korumaktadır. Türk Boğazları'nda geçiş konusu sadece Karadeniz'e komşu olan ülkeler ile sınırlı kalmayıp günümüzde küreselleşen tüm dünya ülkelerini ilgilendiren bir konu olmuştur. Çalışmamızda Rusya'nın Türk Boğazları'na yönelik politikasını anlayabilmek için bu politikaların oluştuğu dönem olan Çarlık Rusya dönemine bakmak gerekmektedir. Çarlık Rusya sıcak denizlere inme politikası gereği en uygun yer olarak Türk Boğazları'nı görmüştür. Bu hedefi gerçekleştirebilmenin yolu Türk Boğazları'nın nüfuzu altına alınması veya Türk Boğazları üzerinde hâkimiyet kurulmasıdır. Çarlık Rusya bu politikayı gerçekleştirmek için dönemin getirdiği şartlara göre stratejiler geliştirmiştir. Baltık Denizi'nin yılın büyük zamanında buzlarla kaplı olması sebebi ile ticarete çok da elverişli olmamasından dolayı Çarlık Rusya dönemin önemli ticaret merkezi olan Avrupa ile ticaret yapabilmenin en yakın yolu olan Karadeniz ve Türk Boğazları'na yönelmiştir. Osmanlı Devleti'nin Karadeniz ve Türk Boğazları'na hâkim olması sebebiyle, Osmanlı Devleti ile bir mücadele içerisine girmiştir. 18. yüzyıla kadar Çarlık Rusya birliğini tamamlamış olmasına rağmen hem ekonomik hem de askeri güç olarak Osmanlı Devleti ile karşı karşıya gelecek durumda olmamıştır. 18. yüzyılda Çarlık Rusya hem ekonomik hem de askeri olarak gelişmeler göstermiş ve Osmanlı Devleti ile mücadele edecek boyuta gelmiştir. Hatta zaman zaman Osmanlı Devletini himaye edecek boyuta ulaşmıştır. Çarlık Rusya Türk Boğazları'nı ele geçirebilmek için kimi zaman Osmanlı Devleti üzerinde nüfuz oluşturmaya çalışmıştır. Kimi zaman Osmanlı Devleti ile ittifak yaparak Boğazlar konusunda imtiyazlar almış kimi zaman ise Osmanlı Devleti ile savaşmış, savaşlar sonucunda imzalanan antlaşmalar ile Osmanlı Devleti'nden Boğazlar konusunda imtiyazlar almıştır. Çarlık Rusya'nın büyümesi ve güneye doğru yayılması Avrupalı büyük devletlerin dikkatini çekmiş ve Çarlık Rusya'nın kendi menfaatlerini engelleme durumu sebebiyle Boğazlar konusuna dâhil olmuşlardır. 18. Yüzyıldan sonra Türk Boğazları Avrupa'nın uluslararası ilişkilerinde önemli bir yer almıştır. Çalışmamızda Çarlık Rusya'nın Türk Boğazları'na yönelik politikasındaki süreklilik ve değişikler ele alınarak incelenmiştir.
The methods of passage through the Turkish Straits, which have recently come to the fore with the Russia-Georgia war, the Crimean war between Russia and Ukraine, and the current Russia-Ukraine war, still maintain their place on the agenda despite the Montreux Straits Convention. The issue of passage through the Turkish Straits is not limited to the countries neighboring the Black Sea, but has become a topic of interest to all globalizing countries of the world today. In our study, in order to understand Russia's policy towards the Turkish Straits, it is necessary to look at the period when these policies were formed, the Tsarist Russia period. Tsarist Russia saw the Turkish Straits as the most suitable place due to its policy of reaching the warm seas. The way to achieve this goal was to take the Turkish Straits under its influence or to establish dominance over the Turkish Straits. Tsarist Russia developed strategies according to the conditions of the period in order to realize this policy. Since the Baltic Sea was covered with ice for most of the year and was not very suitable for trade, Tsarist Russia turned to the Black Sea and the Turkish Straits, which were the closest ways to trade with Europe, which was an important trade center of the period. Due to the Ottoman Empire's dominance over the Black Sea and the Turkish Straits, it entered into a struggle with the Ottoman Empire. Although Tsarist Russia had completed its unity until the 18th century, it was not in a position to confront the Ottoman Empire both economically and militarily. In the 18th century, Tsarist Russia showed developments both economically and militarily and reached a level where it could struggle with the Ottoman Empire. It even reached a level where it could protect the Ottoman Empire from time to time. Tsarist Russia sometimes tried to establish influence over the Ottoman Empire in order to seize the Turkish Straits. Sometimes it made an alliance with the Ottoman Empire and obtained privileges regarding the Straits, and sometimes it fought against the Ottoman Empire, and received privileges regarding the Straits from the Ottoman Empire with the agreements signed as a result of the wars. The growth of Tsarist Russia and its expansion southward attracted the attention of the European great powers, and they became involved in the Straits issue due to Tsarist Russia's hindering their own interests. After the 18th century, the Turkish Straits took an important place in Europe's international relations. In our study, the continuity and changes in the policy of Tsarist Russia towards the Turkish Straits were examined.
The methods of passage through the Turkish Straits, which have recently come to the fore with the Russia-Georgia war, the Crimean war between Russia and Ukraine, and the current Russia-Ukraine war, still maintain their place on the agenda despite the Montreux Straits Convention. The issue of passage through the Turkish Straits is not limited to the countries neighboring the Black Sea, but has become a topic of interest to all globalizing countries of the world today. In our study, in order to understand Russia's policy towards the Turkish Straits, it is necessary to look at the period when these policies were formed, the Tsarist Russia period. Tsarist Russia saw the Turkish Straits as the most suitable place due to its policy of reaching the warm seas. The way to achieve this goal was to take the Turkish Straits under its influence or to establish dominance over the Turkish Straits. Tsarist Russia developed strategies according to the conditions of the period in order to realize this policy. Since the Baltic Sea was covered with ice for most of the year and was not very suitable for trade, Tsarist Russia turned to the Black Sea and the Turkish Straits, which were the closest ways to trade with Europe, which was an important trade center of the period. Due to the Ottoman Empire's dominance over the Black Sea and the Turkish Straits, it entered into a struggle with the Ottoman Empire. Although Tsarist Russia had completed its unity until the 18th century, it was not in a position to confront the Ottoman Empire both economically and militarily. In the 18th century, Tsarist Russia showed developments both economically and militarily and reached a level where it could struggle with the Ottoman Empire. It even reached a level where it could protect the Ottoman Empire from time to time. Tsarist Russia sometimes tried to establish influence over the Ottoman Empire in order to seize the Turkish Straits. Sometimes it made an alliance with the Ottoman Empire and obtained privileges regarding the Straits, and sometimes it fought against the Ottoman Empire, and received privileges regarding the Straits from the Ottoman Empire with the agreements signed as a result of the wars. The growth of Tsarist Russia and its expansion southward attracted the attention of the European great powers, and they became involved in the Straits issue due to Tsarist Russia's hindering their own interests. After the 18th century, the Turkish Straits took an important place in Europe's international relations. In our study, the continuity and changes in the policy of Tsarist Russia towards the Turkish Straits were examined.
Açıklama
Anahtar Kelimeler
Çarlık Rusya, Türk Boğazları, Osmanlı Devleti, Büyük Güç Siyaseti, Tsarist Russia, Turkish Straits, Ottoman Empire, Great Power Politics
