Hibrit tutkal formülasyonlarının geliştirilmesi ve yonga levhada performans özelliklerinin belirlenmesi
Küçük Resim Yok
Tarih
2025
Yazarlar
Dergi Başlığı
Dergi ISSN
Cilt Başlığı
Yayıncı
Bursa Teknik Üniversitesi
Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
Bu çalışmada ahşap panel sektöründe levha üretimi için kullanılan kızılçam odunlarından elde edilen ve atık olarak kullanılan kabukların değerlendirilerek biyobazlı tutkallar üretilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Biyobazlı tutkallarla ticari üre formaldehit (UF) tutkalı ile belirli oranlarda karıştırılarak 16 mm kalınlığında yonga levhalar üretilmiştir. Çalışmada kullanılan kızılçam (Pinus brutia) kabukları Kastamonu Entegre Ağaç San. (KEAS) Balıkesir tesislerinden temin edilerek biyobazlı tutkal için ekstraksiyon işleminde kullanılmıştır. Yonga levha üretiminde kullanılan UF, parafin, sertleştirici ve odun yongaları KEAS Gebze tesislerinden temin edilmiştir. Atık durumda bulunan ve bertaraf maliyeti oluşturan, elektrostatik filtre sonrası ortaya çıkan katran malzemesi KEAS Gebze tesisinden temin edilmiştir. Katran malzemesinin tutkal içerisine belirli oranlarda katılabilmesi için toluen, aseton, ethanol gibi çözücülerde çözünebilme imkanları araştırılmıştır. Tutkal formülasyonlarının modifikasyonu için p-toluen sülfonik asit (PTSA), heksametilentetramin (HMTA), furfuril alkol (FA), gluteraldehit (GA) kimyasalları kullanılmıştır. Tutkal performansının ölçülebilmesi için pH, viskozite, katı madde tayini, yüzey gerilimi, lap shear, FTIR, SEM, TGA, DSC, XRD gibi karakterizasyon çalışmaları yapılmıştır. Üretilen levhaların performansını ölçmek için ise fiziksel ve mekanik testler yapılmıştır. Bu testlerin dışında tanen tutkallı levhaların yanma performansını test etmek amacıyla, Bursa Teknik Üniversitesi (BTU) laboratuvarlarında bulunan test düzeneği ile TS EN ISO 11925-2 standartına göre yanma testleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Yapılan test neticesinde, tutkal içerisine tanen katılmasının, levhaların yanma özellikleri üzerinde anlamlı bir etkisi olmadığı görülmüştür. Hibrit tutkallar ile üretilen levhaların formaldehit tayini için perfaratör yöntemine göre test yapılmıştır. Ekstraksiyon sonrası üretilen tanen tutkalının katı maddesi %40 olarak ölçülmüştür. Ekstraksiyon verimi %26,34, stiasny sayısı ise 72,41 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Biyobazlı tutkal içerisindeki anorganik madde oranını hesaplamak için kül tayini yapılmış ve ortalama olarak %4,46 olarak bulunmuştur. Tanen tutkalından UF tutkalı içerisine %5-10-20 oranlarında, katran malzemesinden ise %1-3-5 oranlarında katılarak hibrit tutkal formülasyonları oluşturulmuştur. Tutkal testleri ve üretilen levhaların test değerleri incelendiğinde UF tutkalına en yakın fiziksel ve mekanik sonuçlar TUF ve TUG levhalarından elde edilmiştir. UF tutkalı ile üretilen levhaların çekme testi sonucu 0,88 N/mm2, FA ile üretilen TUF levhalarında 0,80 N/mm2, GA ile üretilen TUG levhalarında ise 0,78 N/mm2 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Formaldehit testi sonucu en düşük değer %100 tanen tutkalı ile elde edilmiştir. Tutkal formülasyonları içerisindeki tanen katılım oranı arttıkça formaldehit test değerlerinin düştüğü görülmüştür. Katran malzemesinin çözünmesi, tutkal içerisinde homojen dağılmasında zorluklarla karşılaşılmıştır. Katran malzemesi kullanılarak üretilen levhaların performans özelliklerinde düşük değerler elde edilmiştir. Katranın tutkal formülasyonları içerisinde katkı malzemesi olarak kullanılmasının uygun olmadığı ortaya konulmuştur. Tanen katılım oranı arttıkça levhaların fiziksel ve mekanik değerlerinin bir miktar azaldığı ancak P2 sınıfı test değerlerini sağladığı tespit edilmiştir.
In this study, it was aimed to produce biobased glues by utilizing the bark obtained from red pine woods used for board production in the wood panel industry and used as waste. Biobased glues were mixed with commercial urea formaldehyde (UF) glue at certain ratios and 16 mm thickness particle boards were produced. Red pine (Pinus brutia) bark used in the study was obtained from Kastamonu Entegre Ağaç San. (KEAS) Balıkesir facilities and used in the extraction process for biobased glue. UF, paraffin, hardener and wood chips used in particleboard production were obtained from KEAS Gebze facilities. The tar material, which is waste and creates disposal costs, was obtained from the KEAS Gebze plant after the electrostatic filter. In order to incorporate the tar material into the glue at certain ratios, its solubility in solvents such as toluene, acetone and ethonol was investigated. p-toluene sulfonic acid (PTSA), hexamethylenetetetramine (HMTA), furfuryl alcohol (FA), glutaraldehyde (GA) chemicals were used for modification of glue formulations. Characterization studies such as pH, viscosity, solids determination, surface tension, lap shear, FTIR, SEM, TGA, DSC, XRD were carried out to measure the adhesive performance. Physical and mechanical tests were carried out to measure the performance of the produced boards. In addition from these tests, in order to test the combustion performance of tannin glued boards, combustion tests were carried out according to TS EN ISO 11925-2 standard with the test setup in Bursa Technical University (BTU) laboratories. As a result of the test, it was observed that the addition of tannin in the glue did not have a significant effect on the combustion properties of the boards. For formaldehyde determination of the boards produced with hybrid glues, a test was carried out according to the perfarator method. The solid content of tannin glue produced after extraction was measured as 40%. Extraction efficiency was determined as 26.34% and stiasny number as 72.41. In order to calculate the inorganic matter content in the biobased glue, ash was determined and found to be 4.46% on average. Hybrid glue formulations were created by adding 5-10-20% of tannin glue into UF glue and 1-3-5% of tar material into UF glue. When the glue tests and the test values of the produced boards were analyzed, the closest physical and mechanical results to UF glue were obtained from TUF and TUG boards. The tensile test results of the boards produced with UF glue were 0.88 N/mm2, 0.80 N/mm2 for TUF boards produced with FA, and 0.78 N/mm2 for TUG boards produced with GA. The lowest formaldehyde test value was obtained with 100% tannin glue. It was observed that the formaldehyde test values decreased as the tannin content in the glue formulations increased. Difficulties were encountered in the dissolution of tar material and its homogeneous distribution in the glue. Low values were obtained in the performance properties of the boards produced using tar material. It was revealed that tar is not suitable to be used as an additive material in glue formulations. It was determined that the physical and mechanical values of the boards decreased slightly as the tannin participation rate increased, but they provided P2 class test values.
In this study, it was aimed to produce biobased glues by utilizing the bark obtained from red pine woods used for board production in the wood panel industry and used as waste. Biobased glues were mixed with commercial urea formaldehyde (UF) glue at certain ratios and 16 mm thickness particle boards were produced. Red pine (Pinus brutia) bark used in the study was obtained from Kastamonu Entegre Ağaç San. (KEAS) Balıkesir facilities and used in the extraction process for biobased glue. UF, paraffin, hardener and wood chips used in particleboard production were obtained from KEAS Gebze facilities. The tar material, which is waste and creates disposal costs, was obtained from the KEAS Gebze plant after the electrostatic filter. In order to incorporate the tar material into the glue at certain ratios, its solubility in solvents such as toluene, acetone and ethonol was investigated. p-toluene sulfonic acid (PTSA), hexamethylenetetetramine (HMTA), furfuryl alcohol (FA), glutaraldehyde (GA) chemicals were used for modification of glue formulations. Characterization studies such as pH, viscosity, solids determination, surface tension, lap shear, FTIR, SEM, TGA, DSC, XRD were carried out to measure the adhesive performance. Physical and mechanical tests were carried out to measure the performance of the produced boards. In addition from these tests, in order to test the combustion performance of tannin glued boards, combustion tests were carried out according to TS EN ISO 11925-2 standard with the test setup in Bursa Technical University (BTU) laboratories. As a result of the test, it was observed that the addition of tannin in the glue did not have a significant effect on the combustion properties of the boards. For formaldehyde determination of the boards produced with hybrid glues, a test was carried out according to the perfarator method. The solid content of tannin glue produced after extraction was measured as 40%. Extraction efficiency was determined as 26.34% and stiasny number as 72.41. In order to calculate the inorganic matter content in the biobased glue, ash was determined and found to be 4.46% on average. Hybrid glue formulations were created by adding 5-10-20% of tannin glue into UF glue and 1-3-5% of tar material into UF glue. When the glue tests and the test values of the produced boards were analyzed, the closest physical and mechanical results to UF glue were obtained from TUF and TUG boards. The tensile test results of the boards produced with UF glue were 0.88 N/mm2, 0.80 N/mm2 for TUF boards produced with FA, and 0.78 N/mm2 for TUG boards produced with GA. The lowest formaldehyde test value was obtained with 100% tannin glue. It was observed that the formaldehyde test values decreased as the tannin content in the glue formulations increased. Difficulties were encountered in the dissolution of tar material and its homogeneous distribution in the glue. Low values were obtained in the performance properties of the boards produced using tar material. It was revealed that tar is not suitable to be used as an additive material in glue formulations. It was determined that the physical and mechanical values of the boards decreased slightly as the tannin participation rate increased, but they provided P2 class test values.
Açıklama
Anahtar Kelimeler
Ormancılık ve Orman Mühendisliği, Forestry and Forest Engineering
