A Thorough Investigation Into the ENF Reconstruction in Videos Exposed by Rolling Shutter

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dc.contributor.authorVatansever, Saffet
dc.date.accessioned2026-02-12T21:05:43Z
dc.date.available2026-02-12T21:05:43Z
dc.date.issued2023
dc.departmentBursa Teknik Üniversitesi
dc.description.abstractIn electric network frequency (ENF)-based video forensics, the analysis of videos captured by rolling shutter systems, where each row of a frame is exposed at different time instances, is critical. To gain the advantage of increased sampling frequency in these videos, in contrast to those captured by the global shutter where an entire frame is exposed at a time, the ENF-related luminance signal that is essential for ENF estimation is built by concatenating ENF-related luminance estimates across consecutive frames. However, this approach brings about some issues or phenomena owing to an idle period at the end of each frame. First, the ENF harmonics may be replaced by new ENF components and attenuated, thereby affecting the reliability of the ENF estimates from these videos. Another critical phenomenon is ENF reversal, which is yet to receive much research. This study comprehensively investigates this phenomenon to explore how and under what conditions the ENF is reversed. Further investigations led this study to examine how the ENF in the emerging components is mainly reconstructed from multiple ENF-related luminance harmonics, depending on the idle period. This helps identify reliable ENF components from which the ENF signal can be accurately estimated. In addition, it reveals the optimal idle periods for any ENF component. Using this outcome, this study also proposes a technique to enhance the effectiveness of an ENF component based on idle period modification. The experimental results show that the proposed method may boost the efficiency of an unreliable ENF component, outperforming the existing techniques.
dc.identifier.doi10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3312030
dc.identifier.endpage96342
dc.identifier.issn2169-3536
dc.identifier.scopus2-s2.0-85171555844
dc.identifier.scopusqualityQ1
dc.identifier.startpage96330
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3312030
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12885/7114
dc.identifier.volume11
dc.identifier.wosWOS:001067569800001
dc.identifier.wosqualityQ2
dc.indekslendigikaynakWeb of Science
dc.indekslendigikaynakScopus
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherIeee-Inst Electrical Electronics Engineers Inc
dc.relation.ispartofIeee Access
dc.relation.publicationcategoryMakale - Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi - Kurum Öğretim Elemanı
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.snmzKA_WoS_20260212
dc.subjectVideos
dc.subjectHarmonic analysis
dc.subjectForensics
dc.subjectEstimation
dc.subjectMedia
dc.subjectTime-frequency analysis
dc.subjectTime series analysis
dc.subjectTime factors
dc.subjectENF
dc.subjectelectric network frequency
dc.subjectvideo forensics
dc.subjectmultimedia forensics
dc.subjectrolling shutter
dc.subjectidle period
dc.subjectENF reversal
dc.subjectENF reconstruction
dc.subjecttime-of-recording
dc.subjecttime-stamping
dc.titleA Thorough Investigation Into the ENF Reconstruction in Videos Exposed by Rolling Shutter
dc.typeArticle

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