Factors Facilitating and Limiting Iran-China Relations in International Politics

Abstract

Iran has been subject to U.S. sanctions since the revolution. These sanctions have weakened and rendered its economy fragile. Furthermore, Iran requires substantial financing for its energy sector and infrastructure. Historically, Russia has posed a threat to Iran, and Moscow has at times disregarded Iranian interests in pursuit of closer ties with the United States. This has positioned China as an important ally for Iran. In recent years, relations between Iran and China, the two major powers of Eurasia, which were initially cold in the revolution's early years, have evolved into a comprehensive strategic partnership. This study examines how and why Iran-China relations have developed within a neorealist framework since the Iranian Islamic Revolution. Additionally, this study seeks to identify the factors that facilitate and constrain relations between Iran (the Islamic Republic of Iran) and China (the People's Republic of China). Neorealism evaluates states' foreign policies regarding security, power, balance of power, national interests, and alliances. The study finds that Iran-China relations continue to develop based on security concerns, strategic objectives, power balance, and economic interests. The key factors facilitating the relationship between the two countries include shared strategic objectives, security concerns, efforts to balance power, and economic ties. Under the Belt and Road Initiative, China provides Iran with political, economic, military, and financial support, while Iran contributes to China's energy security and, consequently, its economic development through its vast oil and natural gas reserves. Meanwhile, international sanctions imposed on Iran, regional rivalries, the potential deterioration of both countries' relations with the United States, and reactions from Iranian public opinion emerge as limiting factors in their bilateral relations. By testing neorealism in the context of Iran-China relations, this article aims to contribute to the literature by analyzing the development of these relations and offering insights into their future trajectory.