Karacabey Orman İşletme Müdürlüğü'nde bulunan defne (Laurus nobilis L.) yayılış alanlarının multispektral kamera ile haritalanması
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Tarih
2022
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info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
Ormanlık alanlardaki odundışı orman ürünlerinin envanter çalışmaları çok uzun süre ve yoğun iş gücü gerektirmektedir. Günümüzde teknolojinin gelişmesiyle birlikte envanter çalışmalarındaki bu yoğun iş gücü ve gereken uzun süreyi kısaltmak için çalışmalar yapılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada; ülkemizde ilk defa ormanlık alanlarda bulunan defne bitki türünün multispektral kamera entegre edilmiş İnsansız Hava Aracı (İHA) ile yayılışının tespit edilmesi ve haritalanması amaçlanmıştır. Çalışma alanı olarak Bursa Orman Bölge Müdürlüğü (OBM) Karacabey Orman İşletme Müdürlüğü (OİM)'nde defnenin yayılış gösterdiği tüm alanlar belirlenmiştir. Bursa Orman Bölge Müdürlüğü teknik personeli tarafından yapılan taslak defne envanter çalışması sonucunda belirlenen alanlarda örneklem alanları belirlenmiş olup bu alanlarda ortofoto üretmek amacıyla İHA ile uçuşlar yapılmıştır. Uçuş yapmak için kullanılan İHA, DJI Matrice 210 V2 serisi olup üzerine multispektral kamera olarak ise Micasence RedEdge MX modeli çok bantlı kamera entegre edilmiştir. Karacabey OİM'nde 30 adet örneklem alanı (42,5 hektar) belirlenmiştir. Bu çalışmada örneklem oranı minimum %22,6 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Uçuşlar, güneş ışığından maksimum düzeyde yararlanmak amacıyla saat 10:00-15:00 arasında yapılmıştır. Çalışmada yapılan 44 uçuşta İHA'ya entegre edilen multispektral kamera ile beş bantlı (kırmızı, yeşil, mavi kırmızı kenar ve yakın kızılötesi) görüntüler elde edilmiştir. Belirlenen örneklem alanlarında yapılan bu 44 uçuşun tamamında, görev uçuşu modu kullanılarak 120 metre irtifadan en kaliteli veriyi elde edilebilmek için %80 ön ve %70 yan bindirme yapacak şekilde ayarlanmıştır. Elde edilen görüntüler Agisoft Metashape ve Pix4D Mapper yazılımlarında işlenerek beş bantlı ortofotolar üretilmiştir. Üretilen ortofotolar üzerinden çeşitli bant kombinasyonları uygulanarak bitki indeksleri türetilmiş ve bu indekslerden de yararlanarak eCognation Developer yazılımı kullanılarak nesne tabanlı sınıflandırma yapılmıştır. Sınıflandırma yapabilmek adına referans oluşturmak için arazide defne ocak alanlarından hassas Diferansiyel GPS (DGPS) ile yersel kontrol noktaları alınmıştır. Bu yersel kontrol noktalarından yararlanarak sınıflandırmalar yapılmış ve kontrolleri sağlanmıştır. Yapılan analiz sonucunda, tüm örneklem alanlarında kappa değerleri 0,56 ile 0,92 arasında bulunmuştur. Defne yayılış alanlarının haritaları ArcMap üzerinde belirlenerek meşcere haritalarına entegre edilerek ortaya konulmuştur.
In forest areas, inventory studies of non-wood forest products require quite a long time and intensive labor. Nowadays, with the development of technology, studies are carried out to shorten this intensive labor and the long required time in inventory studies. In this study; it is aimed to determine and map the distribution of the laurel plant species, which are found in forest areas for the first time in our country, using an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) integrated with a multispectral camera. Our study areas were determined as all areas where laurel spreads or may potentially spread in Bursa Regional Directorate of Forestry Karacabey State Forest Enterprise. Sampling areas were determined as a result of the draft laurel inventory study carried out by the technical personnel of Bursa Regional Directorate of Forestry, and flights were made with UAVs in order to produce orthophotos in these areas. The UAV used for flying is the DJI Matrice 210 V2 series, and a Micasence RedEdge MX multi-band camera is integrated on it as a multispectral camera. In Karacabey State Forest Enterprise, 30 sampling areas (42.5 hectare) are determined. In this study, the sampling rate was calculated as a minimum of 22.6%. The flights were made between 10:00 and 15:00 for the purpose of benefitting from the sunlight at the maximum level. Five-band (red, green, blue, red edge and near infrared) images were obtained with the multispectral camera which is integrated into the UAV in 44 flights. All of these 44 flights made in the determined sample areas were set to cover 80% from the front and 70% from the side in order to obtain the best quality data from 120 meters altitude using the mission flight mode. Five band orthophotos were obtained in Agisoft Metashape and Pix4D Mapper softwares using the produced images. Plant indices were derived by applying various band combinations on the produced orthophotos, and object-based classification was made using eCognation Developer software by making use of these indices. In order to make classification, ground control points were taken from the laurel quarry areas in the field by using precision Differential GPS (DGPS) to create a reference. By using these terrestrial control points, classifications were made and their controls were provided. As a result of the analysis, Kappa values were found between 0.56 and 0.92 in all sampling areas. The maps of the laurel distribution areas were determined on ArcMap and integrated into the stand maps.
In forest areas, inventory studies of non-wood forest products require quite a long time and intensive labor. Nowadays, with the development of technology, studies are carried out to shorten this intensive labor and the long required time in inventory studies. In this study; it is aimed to determine and map the distribution of the laurel plant species, which are found in forest areas for the first time in our country, using an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) integrated with a multispectral camera. Our study areas were determined as all areas where laurel spreads or may potentially spread in Bursa Regional Directorate of Forestry Karacabey State Forest Enterprise. Sampling areas were determined as a result of the draft laurel inventory study carried out by the technical personnel of Bursa Regional Directorate of Forestry, and flights were made with UAVs in order to produce orthophotos in these areas. The UAV used for flying is the DJI Matrice 210 V2 series, and a Micasence RedEdge MX multi-band camera is integrated on it as a multispectral camera. In Karacabey State Forest Enterprise, 30 sampling areas (42.5 hectare) are determined. In this study, the sampling rate was calculated as a minimum of 22.6%. The flights were made between 10:00 and 15:00 for the purpose of benefitting from the sunlight at the maximum level. Five-band (red, green, blue, red edge and near infrared) images were obtained with the multispectral camera which is integrated into the UAV in 44 flights. All of these 44 flights made in the determined sample areas were set to cover 80% from the front and 70% from the side in order to obtain the best quality data from 120 meters altitude using the mission flight mode. Five band orthophotos were obtained in Agisoft Metashape and Pix4D Mapper softwares using the produced images. Plant indices were derived by applying various band combinations on the produced orthophotos, and object-based classification was made using eCognation Developer software by making use of these indices. In order to make classification, ground control points were taken from the laurel quarry areas in the field by using precision Differential GPS (DGPS) to create a reference. By using these terrestrial control points, classifications were made and their controls were provided. As a result of the analysis, Kappa values were found between 0.56 and 0.92 in all sampling areas. The maps of the laurel distribution areas were determined on ArcMap and integrated into the stand maps.
