Caustic in textile processes and environmentally responsible solutions: a mini-review

Abstract

The textile industry is a sector that encompasses the production and processing of textile products, one of the important necessities of human life. The textile market has high growth potential and faces significant sustainability challenges. The fashion and textile industry is experiencing significant attention and growth, with projections estimating a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.4% by 2028. Textile processes consume large amounts of water (55 L per kg fabric of water) and energy (8-20 kWh/kg), while chemicals released into wastewater cause environmental impacts. Therefore, environmentally friendly, and efficient production methods are being explored. Caustic is one of the chemicals that play an important role in textile processing however, the use of caustic causes environmental pollution. The mercerization process in the textile industry consumes 170-350 g/kg fabric of caustic soda. It is therefore important to investigate caustic recovery and alternative chemicals that can be used instead. Caustic recovery aims to recover and reuse caustic from wastewater. This method can be cost-effective while reducing environmental impacts. Another method is to evaluate alternative chemicals that can be used instead of caustic. Enzymes play a major role in studies of alternative chemicals. Enzymes are an environmentally friendly option that can replace chemicals used in textile processes. The use of enzymes can lead to softer touch and more efficient results in textile production. However, enzymes have some limitations such as cost and stability issues. Therefore, developments and research in enzyme technology are ongoing. Overall, the textile industry faces considerable challenges related to sustainability and efficiency. This study aims to recommend several key strategies for the recovery of caustic in textile dyehouse wastewater and alternative chemicals that can be used instead of caustic. This paper presents a comprehensive study on caustic management practices in textile dyeing plants, emphasizing strategies to minimize wastewater generation.