Ultrasonik ekstraksiyon ile Nigella sativa'dan timokinonca zengin ekstre eldesi ve mikroakışkan platformda enkapsülasyonu
Küçük Resim Yok
Tarih
2024
Yazarlar
Dergi Başlığı
Dergi ISSN
Cilt Başlığı
Yayıncı
Bursa Teknik Üniversitesi
Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
Bitkilerin yapısında bulunan ve çeşitli terapötik özelliklere sahip olan biyoaktif bileşiklere fitokimyasallar denir. Antibakteriyel, antikanser, antidiyabetik gibi özelliklerle ön plana çıkan fitokimyasallara örnek olarak karotenoidler, polifenoller, izoprenoidler, fitosteroller ve saponinler verilebilir. Halk arasında çörek otu olarak bilinen Nigella sativa bahsedildiği gibi terapötik özelliklere sahip olup geleneksel ve modern tıp için ilgi duyulan bitkilerden biridir. Ranunculaceae ailesine ait olan N. sativa genel olarak Hindistan, Akdeniz ülkeleri, Avrupa ve Güney Asya'da yetiştirilmektedir. Çörek otu tohumunda birçok biyoaktif bileşen olduğu bulunmuştur. Bunlar arasında en önemli bileşenler timokinon, timohidrokinon, ditimokinon, p-simen, karvakrol, terpineol, t-anetol gibi bileşenlerdir. Timokinon çörek otu içerisindeki en çok bulunan biyoaktif moleküllerden biridir. Çörek otunun terapötik özelliklerinin çoğunlukla timokinon molekülünden kaynaklandığı düşünülmektedir. Bitkilerin yapısındaki istenen biyoaktif bileşenin eldesi ekstraksiyon işlemiyle yapılabilmektedir. Ekstraksiyon bir veya daha fazla bileşenin kaynak molekülünden çözücü faza transfer edilmesi olarak tanımlanır. Bunun için çeşitli ekstraksiyon yöntemleri vardır. Ekstraksiyon yöntemleri geleneksel ve modern yöntemler olmak üzere ikiye ayrılırlar. Modern yöntemler ile yapılan ekstraksiyonlarda çoğunlukla daha fazla verim elde edilmektedir. Bu çalışmada modern ekstraksiyon yöntemlerinden biri olan ultrasonik ekstraksiyon yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Ultrasonik ekstraksiyon yöntemiyle çörek otundan timokinonca zengin ekstre eldesi hedeflenmiştir. Farklı koşullarda deney grupları oluşturularak çörek otu tohumunun ekstraksiyon işlemi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Elde edilen ekstrelerin timokinon miktarı, toplam fenol içeriği ve antioksidan aktivitelerine göre çörek otu tohumunun ultrasonik ekstraksiyonu için optimum koşulu belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre ultrasonik destekli ekstraksiyon ile çörek otu ekstraksiyonunun optimum sonuçları 70? sıcaklık, 28 dk süre ve %40 etanol konsantrasyonu olarak belirlenmiştir. Bu koşullar için timokinon miktarı 0.142 mg TMQ/mg ekstre, toplam fenol içeriği 16.18 GAE/g, antioksidan kapasitesi ise %77.7 olarak bulunmuştur. Optimum koşulda elde edilen ekstrenin kuyucuk difüzyon yöntemiyle Escherichia coli ve Staphylococcus aureus bakterilerine karşı antibakteriyel aktivitesine bakılmıştır. Belirlenen konsantrasyon aralığı için bu iki bakteri türüne karşı herhangi bir inhibisyon zonu gözlemlenmemiştir. Konsantrasyonun arttırılması antibakteriyel aktivitenin oluşumunu sağlayabileceği düşünülmektedir. Timokinon kimyasal olarak hidrofobik, lipofilik yapıda bir bileşendir. Işığa ve ısıya karşı hassasiyeti bulunmaktadır. Bu dezavantajlı özellikleri sebebiyle biyoyararlanımı kısıtlanmaktadır. Timokinonun biyoyararlanımını arttırmak için çeşitli modifiye edici yöntemler geliştirilebilmektedir. Ekstrenin enkapsüle edilmesinin de bunun için bir yöntem olabileceği düşünülmüştür. Klasik desolvasyon yöntemiyle ve mikroakışkan platform kullanılarak iki farklı partikül üretimi yapılmıştır. Elde edilen partiküllerin öncelikle enkapsülasyon verimi ve in vitro salım profili incelenmiş ve karşılaştırılması yapılmıştır. İn vitro salım oranı klasik yöntem için %36, mikroakışkan platform yöntemi için %27 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Sonrasında partikül boyut ölçümü, zeta potansiyeli, FTIR, SEM, DSC gibi karakterizasyon analizleri yapılmıştır. Partikül boyutu ölçümünde sonuçlar nano boyutta bulunmuştur.
Bioactive compounds, which found in plants and possess various therapeutic properties, are called phytochemicals. Phytochemicals are known for their prominent features such as antibacterial, anticancer, and antidiabetic properties. Examples of major phytochemicals include carotenoids, polyphenols, isoprenoids, phytosterols, and saponins. Among these, Nigella sativa, commonly known as black seed, is one of the plants of interest in both traditional and modern medicine due to its therapeutic properties. Belonging to the Ranunculaceae family, N. sativa is generally cultivated in India, Mediterranean countries, Europe, and South Asia. The seeds of Nigella sativa contain numerous bioactive compounds, with the most significant ones being thymoquinone, thymohydroquinone, dithymoquinone, p-cymene, carvacrol, terpineol, and t-anethole. Thymoquinone is one of the most abundant bioactive molecules in black seed, and it is believed that the therapeutic properties of black seed mainly stem from this compound. The extraction process is used to obtain the desired bioactive compound from plant materials. Extraction is defined as the transfer of one or more compounds from their source molecule into a solvent phase. There are various extraction methods, which can be categorized as traditional and modern. Modern extraction methods generally yield higher efficiency. This study employed ultrasonic extraction, one of the modern extraction techniques, to obtain a thymoquinone-rich extract from black seed. Different experimental groups were created under various conditions to carry out the extraction process of black seed. The optimum conditions for the ultrasonic extraction of black seed were determined based on the amount of thymoquinone, total phenolic content, and antioxidant activities of the obtained extracts. According to the results obtained, the optimum conditions for the extraction of black seed using ultrasonic-assisted extraction are determined to be a temperature of 70°C, an extraction duration of 28 minutes, and a 40% ethanol concentration. Under these conditions, the amount of thymoquinone is found to be 0.142 mg TMQ/mg extract, total phenolic content is 16.18 GAE/g, and antioxidant capacity is 77.7%. The antibacterial activity of the extract obtained under optimum conditions was evaluated against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria using the well diffusion method. No inhibition zones were observed for these two bacterial species within the specified concentration range. It is believed that increasing the concentration could facilitate the development of antibacterial activity. Chemically, thymoquinone is a hydrophobic, lipophilic compound that is sensitive to light and heat, which limits its bioavailability. Various modification methods can be developed to enhance the bioavailability of thymoquinone. Encapsulation of the extract has been considered as one such method. Two different particle production methods were employed using the classical desolvation technique and a microfluidic platform. The encapsulation efficiency and in vitro release profile of the obtained particles were first examined and compared. The in vitro release rate was calculated as 36% for the classical method and 27% for the microfluidic platform method. Subsequently, characterization analyses such as particle size measurement, zeta potential, FTIR, SEM, and DSC were conducted. The particle size measurement results were found to be in the nanoscale range.
Bioactive compounds, which found in plants and possess various therapeutic properties, are called phytochemicals. Phytochemicals are known for their prominent features such as antibacterial, anticancer, and antidiabetic properties. Examples of major phytochemicals include carotenoids, polyphenols, isoprenoids, phytosterols, and saponins. Among these, Nigella sativa, commonly known as black seed, is one of the plants of interest in both traditional and modern medicine due to its therapeutic properties. Belonging to the Ranunculaceae family, N. sativa is generally cultivated in India, Mediterranean countries, Europe, and South Asia. The seeds of Nigella sativa contain numerous bioactive compounds, with the most significant ones being thymoquinone, thymohydroquinone, dithymoquinone, p-cymene, carvacrol, terpineol, and t-anethole. Thymoquinone is one of the most abundant bioactive molecules in black seed, and it is believed that the therapeutic properties of black seed mainly stem from this compound. The extraction process is used to obtain the desired bioactive compound from plant materials. Extraction is defined as the transfer of one or more compounds from their source molecule into a solvent phase. There are various extraction methods, which can be categorized as traditional and modern. Modern extraction methods generally yield higher efficiency. This study employed ultrasonic extraction, one of the modern extraction techniques, to obtain a thymoquinone-rich extract from black seed. Different experimental groups were created under various conditions to carry out the extraction process of black seed. The optimum conditions for the ultrasonic extraction of black seed were determined based on the amount of thymoquinone, total phenolic content, and antioxidant activities of the obtained extracts. According to the results obtained, the optimum conditions for the extraction of black seed using ultrasonic-assisted extraction are determined to be a temperature of 70°C, an extraction duration of 28 minutes, and a 40% ethanol concentration. Under these conditions, the amount of thymoquinone is found to be 0.142 mg TMQ/mg extract, total phenolic content is 16.18 GAE/g, and antioxidant capacity is 77.7%. The antibacterial activity of the extract obtained under optimum conditions was evaluated against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria using the well diffusion method. No inhibition zones were observed for these two bacterial species within the specified concentration range. It is believed that increasing the concentration could facilitate the development of antibacterial activity. Chemically, thymoquinone is a hydrophobic, lipophilic compound that is sensitive to light and heat, which limits its bioavailability. Various modification methods can be developed to enhance the bioavailability of thymoquinone. Encapsulation of the extract has been considered as one such method. Two different particle production methods were employed using the classical desolvation technique and a microfluidic platform. The encapsulation efficiency and in vitro release profile of the obtained particles were first examined and compared. The in vitro release rate was calculated as 36% for the classical method and 27% for the microfluidic platform method. Subsequently, characterization analyses such as particle size measurement, zeta potential, FTIR, SEM, and DSC were conducted. The particle size measurement results were found to be in the nanoscale range.
Açıklama
Anahtar Kelimeler
Biyomühendislik, Bioengineering
