Yangın riski taşıyan orman alanlarında uygulanan yangın koruma çalışmalarının CBS teknikleri ile planlanması
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Tarih
2019
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Bursa Teknik Üniversitesi
Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
Ülkemizde özellikle Marmara bölgesi ile Ege ve Akdeniz bölgesinde yer alan sahil şeridi boyunca yangına birinci dereceden hassas orman alanları bulunmaktadır. Orman kaynakları üzerinde en büyük çevre felaketlerinden biri olan orman yangınları sonucunda Orman Genel Müdürlüğü istatistiklerine göre ülkemizde yılda yaklaşık 10000 hektar orman alanı zarar görmektedir. Orman yangınlarıyla mücadelenin önemli unsurlarından biri erken tespit ve hızlı müdahaledir. Bunu sağlayabilmek için öncelikle yangına hassas alanların belirlenmesi ve bu alanlar göz önüne alınarak yangın gözetleme kulesi ve ilk müdahale ekiplerinin doğru konuşlandırılması büyük önem arz etmektedir. Bu tez çalışmasında, Dursunbey Orman İşletme Müdürlüğü sınırlarında bulunan Yayla Orman İşletme Şefliği çalışma alanı olarak seçilmiştir. Çalışmadaki tüm Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemi (CBS) işlem ve süreçleri için ArcGIS 10.2 yazılımı kullanılmıştır. Çalışmada, Yayla Orman İşletme Şefliği sınırlarını kapsayan alanın öncelikle yangın riski haritası oluşturulmuştur. Bunun için AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process/Analitik Hiyerarşi Süreci) matematik metodu kullanılmıştır. Bu metod çerçevesinde çalışma sahasına ait ağaç türü, kapalılık, çağ, eğim ve bakı kriterleri kullanılmıştır. Bir sonraki aşamada Sayısal Arazi Modeli, yangın kulesi bilgileri ve arazi kullanım tipleri veri katmanı kullanılara çalışma alanına ve orman alanlarına ait görünürlük analizi yapılmıştır. Bu aşama için ArcGIS 10.2 yazılımının "Observer Points" aracı kullanılmıştır. Son olarak ağ analizi yapmak üzere çalışma alanındaki orman yolları, köy yolları, kara yolları ve orman yangın gözetleme kuleleri ile yangın ilk müdahale ekiplerinin lokasyonları sayısallaştırılmıştır. Elde edilen sayısal veriler ile "ArcCatalog" modülü kullanılarak ağ veritabanı oluşturulmuştur. Bu veritabanı üzerinde ise "Network Analyst" modülü kullanılarak çeşitli analizler yapılmıştır. Bunlardan ilki yangın ilk müdahale ekiplerinden muhtemel yangın sahalarına en hızlı ulaşımı sağlayacak optimum güzergahların belirlenmesidir. İkincisi ise, yangın ilk müdahale ekiplerinin konuşlandıkları lokasyondan belirlenen süreler dahilinde ne kadar alana ulaşabilir olduklarının hesaplanmasıdır. Böylece çalışma alanının orman yangınlarıyla mücadele organizsayonu açısından bütüncül bir değerlendirmesi yapılmıştır. Sonuçlara göre, Yayla Orman İşletme Şefliği sınırları dahilindeki ormanlık alanların %36,4'ünün yangına karşı çok riskli olduğu, %38,6 ve %25'inin ise orman yangınları açısından sırasıyla riskli ve az riskli olduğu belirlenmiştir. Çalışma alanındaki yangın kuleleri değerlendirildiğinde, toplam alanın %79'unun kuleler tarafından görülebildiği, ormanlık alanın ise %81'inin kulelerin görüş alanına girdiği belirlenmiştir. İlk müdhale ekiplerinin durumu incelendiğinde, mevcut ilk müdahale ekipleriyle 19 potansiyel yangın alanın sadece 3 tanesine kritik müdahale süresinde ulaşılamadığı tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca, Yayla Orman İşletme şefliği sorumluk sahasında bulunan ormanlık alanların %83'üne mevcut ilk müdahale ekipleriyle kritik müdahale süresinde ulaşılabildiği bulunmuştur. Sonuçlar, çalışma alanında bulunan ilk müdahale ekibi ve yangın gözetleme kulelerinin orman yangınlarıyla etkili mücadele ve kaynakların verimli kullanılması açısından yeterli olduğu tespit edilmiştir.
In Turkey, forest areas which are sensitive to forest fire in the first degree are located along the coastline of the Marmara, the Aegean and the Mediterranean regions. As a result of forest fires, as one of the biggest environmental disasters on forest resources, approximately 10000 hectares of forest area per year is damaged according to the statistics of General Directorate of Forestry in Turkey. One of the important elements of the fight against forest fires is early detection and quick intervention. In order to achieve this goal, first of all, it is very important to determine the fire sensitive areas and then to locate fire lookout towers and the firefighting teams by consideration these areas. In this thesis, Yayla Forest Enterprise Chief (FEC), which is located at the borders of Dursunbey Forest Enterprise Directorate, has been selected as the study area. ArcGIS 10.2 software was used for all Geographical Information System (GIS) operations and processes in the study. In the study, firstly fire risk map of the area covering the boundaries of the Yayla FEC was established. For this purpose, AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) mathematical model was used. Within the framework of this method, tree species, crown density, age stage, slope and aspect criteria were used. In the next stage, the digital terrain model, fire tower information and land use types data layer were used to run the visibility analysis for whole study area and for forested area. "Observer Points" tool of ArcGIS 10.2 was used for this stage. For the network analysis, forest roads, village roads, highways, and fire lookout towers and firefighting teams' locations in the study area were digitized. With the digital data obtained, the network database was generated by using the "ArcCatalog" module. Various analyzes were made on this database using the "Network Analyst" module. The first step is the determination of the optimum routes which will provide the fastest access to the possible fire areas from the firefighting team. The second is the calculation of how far the firefighting team can reach within the determined time limits from the location they are located. Thus, a complete assessment of the study area was conducted in terms of the organization of forest fires fighting activities. According to the results, it was determined that 36.4% of the forest areas within the boundaries of Yayla FEC were very risky against fires, 38.6% and 25% were risky and low risk, respectively for forest fires. When the fire towers in the study area were evaluated, it was determined that 79% of the total area could be seen by the towers and 81% of the forest area was into the view of the towers. When the situation of the firefighting teams was examined, it was determined that only 3 of the 19 potential fire areas could not be reached at the critical response time. In addition, 83% of the forest areas that are in charge of the FEC were found to be reached with the firefighting team during critical response time. The results were found to be sufficient for the firefighting team and fire lookout towers in the study area to effectively fight forest fires and to use resources efficiently.
In Turkey, forest areas which are sensitive to forest fire in the first degree are located along the coastline of the Marmara, the Aegean and the Mediterranean regions. As a result of forest fires, as one of the biggest environmental disasters on forest resources, approximately 10000 hectares of forest area per year is damaged according to the statistics of General Directorate of Forestry in Turkey. One of the important elements of the fight against forest fires is early detection and quick intervention. In order to achieve this goal, first of all, it is very important to determine the fire sensitive areas and then to locate fire lookout towers and the firefighting teams by consideration these areas. In this thesis, Yayla Forest Enterprise Chief (FEC), which is located at the borders of Dursunbey Forest Enterprise Directorate, has been selected as the study area. ArcGIS 10.2 software was used for all Geographical Information System (GIS) operations and processes in the study. In the study, firstly fire risk map of the area covering the boundaries of the Yayla FEC was established. For this purpose, AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) mathematical model was used. Within the framework of this method, tree species, crown density, age stage, slope and aspect criteria were used. In the next stage, the digital terrain model, fire tower information and land use types data layer were used to run the visibility analysis for whole study area and for forested area. "Observer Points" tool of ArcGIS 10.2 was used for this stage. For the network analysis, forest roads, village roads, highways, and fire lookout towers and firefighting teams' locations in the study area were digitized. With the digital data obtained, the network database was generated by using the "ArcCatalog" module. Various analyzes were made on this database using the "Network Analyst" module. The first step is the determination of the optimum routes which will provide the fastest access to the possible fire areas from the firefighting team. The second is the calculation of how far the firefighting team can reach within the determined time limits from the location they are located. Thus, a complete assessment of the study area was conducted in terms of the organization of forest fires fighting activities. According to the results, it was determined that 36.4% of the forest areas within the boundaries of Yayla FEC were very risky against fires, 38.6% and 25% were risky and low risk, respectively for forest fires. When the fire towers in the study area were evaluated, it was determined that 79% of the total area could be seen by the towers and 81% of the forest area was into the view of the towers. When the situation of the firefighting teams was examined, it was determined that only 3 of the 19 potential fire areas could not be reached at the critical response time. In addition, 83% of the forest areas that are in charge of the FEC were found to be reached with the firefighting team during critical response time. The results were found to be sufficient for the firefighting team and fire lookout towers in the study area to effectively fight forest fires and to use resources efficiently.
Açıklama
Anahtar Kelimeler
Ormancılık ve Orman Mühendisliği, Forestry and Forest Engineering
