Design and implementation of a new dual-layer type 2 FLC-based energy management system for a fuel cell electric vehicle

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dc.contributor.authorYılmaz, Alper
dc.contributor.authorToprak, Muhammed Zeyd
dc.contributor.authorBayrak, Gökay
dc.date.accessioned2026-02-08T15:11:10Z
dc.date.available2026-02-08T15:11:10Z
dc.date.issued2026
dc.departmentBursa Teknik Üniversitesi
dc.description.abstractThis study presents a new dual-layer energy management strategy (EMS) based on Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Logic Control (IT2 FLC) for a 1 kW PEMFC–ultracapacitor (UC) hybrid fuel cell electric vehicle. The proposed strategy enhances power distribution stability and fuel cell lifespan by leveraging the fast dynamic response of UC to mitigate the slow transient behavior of PEMFCs. A custom-designed full-bridge push-pull converter is developed to regulate power flow between energy sources, ensuring a stable 96V DC output despite variations in input voltage. Experimental validation on a real-scale prototype confirms robust voltage regulation within ±1 V and effective UC participation during transients, with instantaneous support up to 1000 W, thereby reducing fuel cell stress. Under scaled FTP-75 and WLTP Class-1 cycles, the IT2FLC consistently outperforms PID and Type-1 FLC, improving tracking by >80 % versus PID while limiting MAE and RMSE to <0.02 m/s and <0.03 m/s, respectively, with negligible overshoot. © 2026 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC
dc.identifier.doi10.1016/j.ijhydene.2026.153570
dc.identifier.isbn0080311393
dc.identifier.issn0360-3199
dc.identifier.scopus2-s2.0-105027971106
dc.identifier.scopusqualityQ1
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2026.153570
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12885/5271
dc.identifier.volume210
dc.indekslendigikaynakScopus
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherElsevier Ltd
dc.relation.ispartofInternational Journal of Hydrogen Energy
dc.relation.publicationcategoryMakale - Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi - Kurum Öğretim Elemanı
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccess
dc.snmzScopus_KA_20260207
dc.subjectDual layer control
dc.subjectEnergy management system for FCEVs
dc.subjectFuel cell electric vehicle
dc.subjectInterval Type-2 fuzzy logic control
dc.subjectProton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC)
dc.titleDesign and implementation of a new dual-layer type 2 FLC-based energy management system for a fuel cell electric vehicle
dc.typeArticle

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