KUZEY AVRUPA VE LATİN AMERİKA ÜLKELERİ ARASINDA GELİR DAĞILIMI ADALETSİZLİĞİ AÇISINDAN EKONOMETRİK BİR ANALİZ
Yükleniyor...
Tarih
2017
Dergi Başlığı
Dergi ISSN
Cilt Başlığı
Yayıncı
Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
Belirli bir dönemde kazanılan gelirlerin, bireylerin oluşturduğu gruplarca paylaşılması anlamına gelen gelir dağılımı konusunda yaşanan adaletsizlik bütün dünyada büyük bir sorun haline gelmektedir. Bu bağlamda, hem gelişmiş, hem de gelişmekte olan ülkeler açısından hayati önem taşımaktadır. Gelir dağılımı adaletsizliği uluslararası boyutta olabildiği gibi, ülke içinde çeşitli bölgeler arasında, hatta bireyler arasında da olabilmektedir. Çalışmamızda 2004 - 2014 yılları için panel veri analizi uygulanmış ve makro bağlamda Kuzey Avrupa ülkeleri ile Latin Amerika ülkeleri arasındaki gelir dağılımı adaletsizliği konusu ve bu bağımlı değişkenimizi etkileyen faktörlerin (GSMH, enflasyon, işsizlik) etki katsayıları ele alınmıştır. Bu bağlamda elde edilen sonuçlar Latin Amerika ülkelerinde Kuzey Amerika ülkelerine nazaran daha fazla gelir dağılımı adaletsizliği olduğu ve bağımsız değişkenlerimizden olan enflasyon ve işsizliğin Latin Amerika ülkelerindeki gelir dağılımı adaletsizliğini daha da tetiklediği tespit edilmiştir. Elde edilmiş olan ampirik bulgular, Arjantin, Brezilya, Kosta Rika, Peru ve Paraguay'da sosyal adalete yeteri kadar yer verilmediği ve bu ülkelerde hem ekonomik büyümenin yetersiz olduğunu hem de paylaşımın adil ve eşit olmadığını net bir şekilde ortaya koymaktadır. Latin Amerika'da hayata geçirilen yanlış politikalardan dolayı, gelir dağılımı adaletsizliği hız kazanmıştır. Ayrıca, gelir dağılımının daha adaletli olduğu İskandinavya ülkelerinde benimsenmiş özgürlük, sağlık, gelir, dürüstlük ve uygulanan doğru yönetim politikası vatandaşların ekonomik açıdan daha iyi standartlarda yaşamalarını sağlamıştır
Notably, unfair income distribution becomes a big issue by so many groups of individuals in the World. In this respect, the mentioned subject is too significant for both developed and developing countries. The unfair income distribution can be happened in international dimension or within individuals. In this work, panel data analysis is implemented from the period 2004 to 2014 and Northern European and Latin American countries are compared in terms of income inequality in macro view. For that reason, GDP, unemployment and inflation are determined as independent variable and income inequality is determined as dependent variable. In this context, the gap between Latin American and Northern European countries in terms of income inequality is founded a lot and according to research result of both inflation and unemployment affect income inequality in Latin American countries remarkably rather than northern European countries. The obtained empirical findings can be interpreted as the social justice is not ensured in Argentina, Brazil, Costa Rica, Peru and Paraguay due to insufficient economic growth and unfair income distribution. Unfair income distribution is accelerated owing to implementing errorneous politics. On the other hands, the health system, equality of opportunity and appropriate management policy provides a better standards of living for Scandinavian citizens. Traditionally, one of the most important reason of immigration is exactly unfair income distribution. The direction of immigration is actualised from the low ranked regions to high ranked regions in terms of employment in all over the world. In other words, individuals immigrate from underdeveloped regions to developed regions. However, the main reason of increasing the unemployment rate in immigration region is bringing the issue of unplanned construction and rising unemploment rate at emigrant region as well. The way of decreasing or preventing the flow of migration is reducing the gap of income distribution between The explanation of income distribution is sharing the goods and services including financial sources which is attained in a specific period of time bt the individuals. However, sharing the sources becomes a big problem day by day. Actually, the problem of unfair income distribution concern with both developed and developing countries which is so crucial for both of them. The unfair income distribution can be occurred on international dimension or within the region of the countries or even can be taken place within individuals. The factors that influences the unfair income distribution are the allocation of wealth, the wage differences, inflation, economic crisis, uemployment, globalization, social status, capital, level of education, demographic and socio-economic factors and social norms (Akça ve Ela, 2012: 247-248). There is no doubt that one of the most vital indicators of the unfair income distribution is actually poverty. Generally, the poverty rate is high in the countries that have no fair income distribution. As long as the level of economic development increases, the level of unfair income distribution is decreased and depending on that fact the poverty rate is decreased in relevant countries as well. The level of unfair income distribution and score of GINI is low in scandinavian countries when comparig with Latin American countries (Çalışkan, 2010: 115) Traditionally, one of the most important reason of immigration is exactly unfair income distribution. The direction of immigration is actualised from the low ranked regions to high ranked regions in terms of employment in all over the world. In other words, individuals immigrate from underdeveloped regions to developed regions. However, the main reason of increasing the unemployment rate in immigration region is bringing the issue of unplanned construction and rising unemploment rate at emigrant region as well. The way of decreasing or preventing the flow of migration is reducing the gap of income distribution between individuals (Emirhan, 2015: 80). Especially, unfair income distribution becomes a big problem by lots of poeple in the world. In this context, the matter in hand is so important for both developed and developing countries. Besides, the unfair income distribution can be occurred in international dimension or within the citizens. In this paper, panel data analysis is used from the period 2004 to 2014 and Northern European and Latin American countries are compared in terms of income inequality in macro outlook. Data is derived from World Banks’ official website as annually. Therefore, GDP, inflation and unemployment are selected as independent variable and income inequality is selected as dependent variable. In this respect, the gap among Latin American and Northern European countries in terms of income inequality is considered a lot and according to empirical findings of both inflation and unemployment influence income inequality in Latin American countries crucially rather than northern European countries. The derived research results can be considered as the social justice is not provided in Latin American countries owing to unsatisfying economic growth and unfair income distribution. Unfair income distribution is accelerated due to applying inappropriate policy. In addition, the health system, equality in opportunity and appropriate management policy ensures a better standards of living for Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Finland ve United Kingdom. Examining the unfair distribution of income in macro view, the acquired econometrical results demonstrates that northern Eurpean countries have a better and fair income distribution including the Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Finland and United Kingdom compared to Latin American countries including Argentina, Brazil, Costa Rica, Peru and Paraguay. According to panel data analysis results the p-value is 0.0030 for inflation and the p-value is 0.0000 for unemployment from 2004 to 2014 which indicates that the inflation and unemployment triggers the unfair distribution of income in Latin American countries rather than Scandinavian countries. On the other hand, the according to panel data analysis results of Scandinavian countries including the Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Finland and United Kingdom the p-value is 0.1261 for inflation and 0.6550 for unemployment from 2004 to 2014. The research findings demonstrate that economic development is provided remarkably and attracted more foreing direct investment. Thus, citizens become more rich due to both socio-economic and socio cultural factors.
Notably, unfair income distribution becomes a big issue by so many groups of individuals in the World. In this respect, the mentioned subject is too significant for both developed and developing countries. The unfair income distribution can be happened in international dimension or within individuals. In this work, panel data analysis is implemented from the period 2004 to 2014 and Northern European and Latin American countries are compared in terms of income inequality in macro view. For that reason, GDP, unemployment and inflation are determined as independent variable and income inequality is determined as dependent variable. In this context, the gap between Latin American and Northern European countries in terms of income inequality is founded a lot and according to research result of both inflation and unemployment affect income inequality in Latin American countries remarkably rather than northern European countries. The obtained empirical findings can be interpreted as the social justice is not ensured in Argentina, Brazil, Costa Rica, Peru and Paraguay due to insufficient economic growth and unfair income distribution. Unfair income distribution is accelerated owing to implementing errorneous politics. On the other hands, the health system, equality of opportunity and appropriate management policy provides a better standards of living for Scandinavian citizens. Traditionally, one of the most important reason of immigration is exactly unfair income distribution. The direction of immigration is actualised from the low ranked regions to high ranked regions in terms of employment in all over the world. In other words, individuals immigrate from underdeveloped regions to developed regions. However, the main reason of increasing the unemployment rate in immigration region is bringing the issue of unplanned construction and rising unemploment rate at emigrant region as well. The way of decreasing or preventing the flow of migration is reducing the gap of income distribution between The explanation of income distribution is sharing the goods and services including financial sources which is attained in a specific period of time bt the individuals. However, sharing the sources becomes a big problem day by day. Actually, the problem of unfair income distribution concern with both developed and developing countries which is so crucial for both of them. The unfair income distribution can be occurred on international dimension or within the region of the countries or even can be taken place within individuals. The factors that influences the unfair income distribution are the allocation of wealth, the wage differences, inflation, economic crisis, uemployment, globalization, social status, capital, level of education, demographic and socio-economic factors and social norms (Akça ve Ela, 2012: 247-248). There is no doubt that one of the most vital indicators of the unfair income distribution is actually poverty. Generally, the poverty rate is high in the countries that have no fair income distribution. As long as the level of economic development increases, the level of unfair income distribution is decreased and depending on that fact the poverty rate is decreased in relevant countries as well. The level of unfair income distribution and score of GINI is low in scandinavian countries when comparig with Latin American countries (Çalışkan, 2010: 115) Traditionally, one of the most important reason of immigration is exactly unfair income distribution. The direction of immigration is actualised from the low ranked regions to high ranked regions in terms of employment in all over the world. In other words, individuals immigrate from underdeveloped regions to developed regions. However, the main reason of increasing the unemployment rate in immigration region is bringing the issue of unplanned construction and rising unemploment rate at emigrant region as well. The way of decreasing or preventing the flow of migration is reducing the gap of income distribution between individuals (Emirhan, 2015: 80). Especially, unfair income distribution becomes a big problem by lots of poeple in the world. In this context, the matter in hand is so important for both developed and developing countries. Besides, the unfair income distribution can be occurred in international dimension or within the citizens. In this paper, panel data analysis is used from the period 2004 to 2014 and Northern European and Latin American countries are compared in terms of income inequality in macro outlook. Data is derived from World Banks’ official website as annually. Therefore, GDP, inflation and unemployment are selected as independent variable and income inequality is selected as dependent variable. In this respect, the gap among Latin American and Northern European countries in terms of income inequality is considered a lot and according to empirical findings of both inflation and unemployment influence income inequality in Latin American countries crucially rather than northern European countries. The derived research results can be considered as the social justice is not provided in Latin American countries owing to unsatisfying economic growth and unfair income distribution. Unfair income distribution is accelerated due to applying inappropriate policy. In addition, the health system, equality in opportunity and appropriate management policy ensures a better standards of living for Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Finland ve United Kingdom. Examining the unfair distribution of income in macro view, the acquired econometrical results demonstrates that northern Eurpean countries have a better and fair income distribution including the Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Finland and United Kingdom compared to Latin American countries including Argentina, Brazil, Costa Rica, Peru and Paraguay. According to panel data analysis results the p-value is 0.0030 for inflation and the p-value is 0.0000 for unemployment from 2004 to 2014 which indicates that the inflation and unemployment triggers the unfair distribution of income in Latin American countries rather than Scandinavian countries. On the other hand, the according to panel data analysis results of Scandinavian countries including the Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Finland and United Kingdom the p-value is 0.1261 for inflation and 0.6550 for unemployment from 2004 to 2014. The research findings demonstrate that economic development is provided remarkably and attracted more foreing direct investment. Thus, citizens become more rich due to both socio-economic and socio cultural factors.
Açıklama
Anahtar Kelimeler
[No Keywords]
Kaynak
Turkish Studies (Elektronik)
WoS Q Değeri
Scopus Q Değeri
Cilt
12
Sayı
29
