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An Implementation with Low Impact Development (LID) Techniques within the Scope of Sustainable Stormwater Management: An Example of Mass Housing Project
(Peter Lang Publishing Group, 2021) Müftüoğlu, Volkan; Perçin, Halim
Stormwater, which is tried to be rapidly collected from urban lands, is transferred to receiving waters in an uncontrolled manner, and this situation causes the receiving waters, and thus the entire water cycle to be negatively affected in terms of pollution, especially with the sediment and heavy metals carried by runoffs. Traditional stormwater management solutions in our cities are often inadequate in terms of size and capacity, and even fail to fully accomplish their purpose because of accumulated sediment and pollutants, as a result of excessive rainfall in a short amount of time due to global warming in recent years. On the other hand, sustainable stormwater management approaches, in which natural solutions are prioritized, aim to solve the stormwater problem at its source as much as possible and to store the water that will pass through the runoff or infiltrate it to groundwater. The widespread use of sustainable stormwater management solutions in our cities will provide rain harvesting, which can be a solution to water shortages due to drought, and will support traditional stormwater management solutions during excessive rainfalls. In this context, this study aims to propose appropriate stormwater solutions on a mass housing project with the lid approach one of sustainable stormwater management approaches, and to reveal the contribution of these solutions in stormwater management. It was concluded that the continuation of the sample area, which is managed with integrated management practices within the scope of lid approach, by preserving the pre-development hydrological conditions, is very important in terms of ensuring safer habitats and the sustainability of the waterstormwater cycle in the sample area.
The Ecosystem Services and Green Infrastructure: A Systematic Review and the Gap of Economic Valuation
(MDPI, 2022) Ersoy Mirici, Merve
This study was conducted to determine the trends at the intersection of studies made on green infrastructure and ecosystem services, which have frequently become preferred in establishing urban-green space relationships in global research. Green-related concepts have frequently been used from past to present in order to neutralise the increasing pressures on urban dynamics resulting from rapid urbanisation. Green corridor, green belt, green structure, and green finger/hand concepts have been used to provide recreational opportunities, protect nature, and keep urban sprawl under control. For the last decade, however, in addition to the traditional green concepts, green infrastructure (GI) and ecosystem services (ES) have been preferred in contemporary urban planning, as they enable the integration of the ecological concerns of the landscape and the socio-political perspective. The aim of this study is to detect the trends of the green infrastructure and ecosystem services association, and to reveal these trends in the common area with the bibliometric mapping method. The economic concept and its analysing use at the intersection of green infrastructure and ecosystem services were explored with VOSviewer using the Scopus(R) database. Furthermore, the number of documents, which initially began with around 39,719 studies, was reduced by filtering through systematic reviews, to only three documents that met the economic valuation criteria. In this way, a lack of economic analyses, creating a serious research gap within the framework of green infrastructure and ecosystem services, was quantitatively determined.
'Listening' to urban form characteristics in transit-oriented developments (TODs)
(INT SEMINAR URBAN FORM, 2021) Yıldırım, Yalçın; Allen, Diane Jones; Albright, Amy
Understanding the relationship between urban form and sound is important for managing the adverse implications of noise. This study explores the nexus between urban form characteristics - namely buildings, plots, and streets - and sound, within the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex. It focuses on transit-oriented developments (TODs), which are emerging urban forms adjacent to transit stations. Previous studies have examined various aspects of TODs, including the neighbourhood design and transportation services, but have not investigated the impact of urban form on sound within TODs. This paper probes that concept and provides recommendations for urban design practice related to sound and urban form characteristics.
Investigation of Vegetative Properties and Generative Production of the Potential Ornamental and Narrow Endemic Species Verbascum yurtkuranianum (Scrophulariaceae) for Ex situ Conservation
(NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIV, 2021) Erken, Kamil
Verbascum yurtkuranianum is a narrow endemic species occurring in a single location, the northern Bursa province (Turkey). It is an endangered and potentially ornamental plant. No conducted study on its life and biology, production, and aesthetic features is available. This study aimed to reveal its vegetative properties, seed characteristics, methods and requirements for seed germination, germination speed, and potential ornamental value so it can be conserved ex situ and produced. Verbascum yurtkuranianum has potential value as an ornamental plant regarding its aesthetic features as a flower. This study revealed that the total number of individuals in the species is 788. Without any treatment, 70.7% germination rate is achieved if the seeds are stored at 4 degrees C. The optimum germination temperature was from 15 to 20 degrees C (77.3% and 78.7%, respectively), and the photoperiod regulation for seed germination was 12/12 or 8/16 (light/dark) hours (74.7% and 76.0%, respectively). The most effective treatment to promote germination rate was found by implementation of 60 min ultrasonic waves (94.3%) or application of 120 min vacuum (95.3%). Germination occurred between 8 and 10 days. A parcel of ex situ conservation was constituted with the seedlings obtained from the germination studies.
Environmental Milestones and Ecosystem Services and Economic Origins
(KARE PUBL, 2021) Mirici, Merve Ersoy
Increasing population and industrial developments in the last century have caused dramatic effects on ecosystem functions. The fact that the ecosystem resources of the world are limited and the increasing supply and demand for these resources have revealed that natural resources should be investigated in more detail. In this direction, ecosystem good and services have turned into a research field that has been increasing gradually for the last ten years as a landscape, urban and region planning tool. There are many differences and complexities in the system of definition, scope and categories of ecosystem services. In addition to the diversity of definition and categorization, the ecological outputs of ecosystem products and services cannot be transformed into an economic basis. In this case, the ecosystem services studies exhibit an approach that is handle within a narrow scope. This study focuses on ecosystem services from a superficial point of view, rather than nature and indirectly the position of the ecosystem within human-environmental thinking systems. One of the most important driving forces determining this position is the economy. The ecosystem services approach has been shaped by many environmental movements and actions that have taken place in the past rather than being a newly discovered concept. In this context, this study has been carried out to contribute to the lack of literature in the interface of ecological and economic interference with the transformations of ecosystem good and services, changing perspectives, key persons and key events.
Noise complaints and transportation inequality assessment
(Elsevier Ltd, 2021) Yıldırım, Yalçın; Arefi, Mahyar
As a self-reporting data source, the 311 non-emergency service reflects the residents’ concerns on various environmental complaints, including noise. This study explores the nexus between noise complaints extracted from this data source and the transportation-related inequality that reflects a wide range of socio-demographic cohorts associated with it in Dallas, Texas. Noise constitutes an inevitable fact of life—especially in denser urban areas, that as this paper reports, reflects social injustice. Drawing from multiple socio-demographic and transportation indicators, this study conducts multiple statistical and spatial analyses in the selected case studies. The findings further identify the explanatory variables relative to noise complaints and their inequality implications. The results confirm that transportation-related factors affect inequality while also operating within specific socio-demographic patterns. The study gleans lessons for transportation and urban planners, policymakers, and local authorities.
Mapping noise and characteristics of transit-oriented developments (TODs): A Sunbelt region case study
(Elsevier Ltd, 2021) Yıldırım, Yalçın
While scholars have copiously explored different aspects of Transit-Oriented Developments (TODs) over the last decades, the literature falls short on examining their noise implications. This study examines the planning, transportation, and environmental implications of noise in the Dallas-Fort Worth metropolitan area by performing geostatistical analysis for various mapping. These maps include a broad range of TODs’ characteristics and noise implications. Using ArcGIS tools applications into technological platforms, the data comprises sound samples through the grid sampling method. The findings confirm that TODs are 11.5 dB(A) noisier compared to non-TODs (although causes for the uncertainty aspects including the microphone position, using a type 2 SPL meter, or many unexplained variables, etc. might exist). This is mainly caused by mixed-land use, neighborhood services, and density features of TODs. These findings apply to the study areas. The study findings call for collaboration among urban planners, transportation planners, environmental planners, and noise controlling engineers to delve deeper into various planning, policy, and acoustic solutions.
Can urban parks help with disaster risk reduction through educational awareness? A case study of Hurricane Harvey
(Elsevier Ltd, 2021) Yıldırım, Yalçın; Keshavarzi G.; Aman A.R.
This study examines the relationship between educational awareness and natural disasters through the lens of flood mitigation and also attempts to understand the perceptional and socio-demographical impacts in flood-prone areas. Recorded as one of the most catastrophic storms in the U.S., Hurricane Harvey caused massive damages to the environment and negatively affected public health and well-being. Having sustained three flood events since opening, including Hurricane Harvey, Buffalo Bayou Park in Houston, Texas, became the case study for this research as its role relative to educational awareness and natural disasters became the focus. The study performed a questionnaire-based survey with park users. Findings showed that concerns existed with respect to park use, socio-demographics, and accessibility. The findings also showed, however, that the park design contributed to flood mitigation strategies through establishment of educational awareness of natural disasters. This awareness was confirmed by park users being knowledgeable of some flood protection strategies, including planting native and local plants and curving the bayous naturally. Also, park users noted their preference for receiving disaster-related educational news via social media and partnerships/non-profit organizations. Finally, none of the socio-demographic features showed a difference for the logistic regression model as a significant predictor while attending educational events and residing within 20 min of the park significantly increased flood-mitigation awareness. This study highlights several efficient strategies that can complement the role of urban parks relative to how people experience and perceive educational activities concerning natural disasters.
Does scale matter? An overview of the “smart cities” literature
(Elsevier Ltd, 2021) Keshavarzi G.; Yıldırım, Yalçın; Arefi M.
The idea of “smart cities” emerged from the contemporary technological advancements and with the aim of enhancing cities’ performance and improving the quality of life. As it turns out, the emerging theories and definitions have not kept up with the speed of technological innovations and their utilities in urban lifestyles. This paper provides a comprehensive definition of smartness and its scope apropos of different geographic scales by conducting an extended literature review. The study concludes that the smart combination of technology-based and non-technology-based resolutions not only enhance the urban performance but also increase the quality of life of inhabitants.
An ecological restoration assessment integrating multi-criteria decision analysis with landscape sensitivity analysis for a hydroelectric power plant project: the Tokat-Niksar case
(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2021) Demir, Sara; Demirel, Ö.; Okatan, A.
Due to Turkey’s reliance on imported electricity, it has been using hydroelectric power plants (HPPs) to cover some of its electrical energy needs since 2011. However, HPP projects, which do not take landscape sensitivity into account, cause the ecological integrity of the basins and the ecosystem structure to deteriorate. This study presents the Tokat-Niksar HPP project field example in Turkey’s Central Black Sea region with its steep slopes, rich forest and creek vegetation, protected endemic plants and wildlife, cultural heritage dating back to 3000 BC agricultural activities, and long-established local culture. The study, in fact, aims to develop a landscape restoration plan that considers the sensitivity of landscapes in the HPP project area. For this purpose, a landscape sensitivity analysis consisting of water, habitat, visibility, erosion functions, and multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) determining priority of functions conducted with experts were performed. According to the results, the water function was found to have the highest, and the visibility the lowest priority in the ranking. Consequently, 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th-degree sensitive areas with very high, high, and moderate landscape sensitivity were determined by weighted sum function by considering the priority of each landscape function, and accordingly, a five-stage landscape restoration model was developed including soil protection, areas to be protected, erosion control, vegetation screening, and creek reclamation. This study presents a framework for sustainable landscape restoration solutions in the town by combining landscape sensitivity analysis via MCDA.
Bursa florasının doğa turizmi potansiyeli
(2019) Erken, Kamil; Sayan Atanur, Gül; Akın Tanrıöver, Anıl
Kent yaşamının, trafik, stres, gürültü ve yapılı çevre içinde sıkışmış rutin yaşam tarzı insanları doğaya ve doğal yaşama doğru yönlendirmektedir. Koruyarak doğayı yaşama, keşfetme, farklı kültürleri anlama, yereldeki kaynakları ve getirisini yerel halkla paylaşma, yerel ve doğal kaynakların sürdürülebilir kullanımı ile mümkündür. Bu faaliyetler doğal kaynakların ekonomiye kazandırılması, kırsal kesimde yaşayanların hayat standartlarının yükseltilmesi, turizm alanlarının, faaliyetlerinin ve gelirlerinin çeşitlendirilmesi ve artırılması konularıyla da örtüşen ortak hedefler içermektedir. Doğa turizmi faaliyetlerinin çoğunluğu flora tabanlı faaliyetlerdir. Marmara Bölgesi ve özellikle Bursa, biyoçeşitlilik ve yoğun florası ile ülkemizin doğa turizmi açısından Karadeniz Bölgesi'nden sonra en önemli alanlarıdır. Coğrafi konumu, sahip olduğu zengin ve yoğun orman alanları ve Uludağ Milli Parkı, Bursa’yı botanik turizmi, foto safari, doğa yürüyüşü, doğa gözlemciliği, tıbbi bitkilere bağlı sağlık turizmi, macera oyunları turizmi gibi floraya bağlı doğa turizmi alanlarında merkez olabilecek bir konuma taşımaktadır. Bu çalışmada Bursa'da ekoturizmin çeşitlendirilmesi ve canlandırılması için floraya bağlı doğa turizmi faaliyetleri açısından Bursa’nın sahip olduğu potansiyel ortaya konulmuş, SWOT analizi ile değerlendirilmiş ve öneriler oluşturulmuştur.
The sound of new urbanism
(Routledge, 2021) Yıldırım, Yalçın; Arefi, M.
Understanding the nexus between soundscape and urban form is challenging. This research explores soundscapes in new urbanist (NU) developments to contribute to the urban form studies of sound environment. NU developments promote the quality of life (QoL) in dense, walkable settings with mixed-use buildings. An under-examined, yet critical aspect of New Urbanism approach is the soundscape. To study the relationship between soundscape and NU, this research investigates soundscapes from NU developments by assessing preference of 95 residents and visitors as well as on-site sound pressure level (SPL) measurements within five NU developments in the Dallas-Fort Worth metropolitan area. Findings suggest that soundscapes of NU developments are overall at the high SPLs and differ at various development typologies with significant implications for urban form. The research proposes recognizing the sound-related attributes of urban form so that sound-related resolutions can be applied to other geographical and planning practices. © 2020 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
The user satisfaction of urban park: Case of trabzon eyof memorial park
(Parlar Scientific Publications, 2020) Bayramoglu, E.; Demir, Sara
Urban parks are open green spaces that can provide the physical and spiritual needs of the urban occupants in their leisure time and also improve the quality of urban life. These parks offer intense activity opportunities for the city users because of their location in city center and its immediate surroundings. The diversity of activities, usage density and accessibility to the area are the main important issues for the user satisfictation of urban parks. In this context, the aim of this study is to determine the user satisfaction of Eyof Memorial Park in Trabzon.To reach of this aim, it was applied two main stages. In the 1st stage; a questionnaire consisting of 15 questions in total was conducted in order to determine the sociodemographic situation, usage status and time of the user group. In the 2st stage; the factors effects on the users satisfaction and dissatisfaction were evaluated by 11 experts on the Likert attitude scale. As a result, 22 satisfaction and 14 dissatisfaction criteria were determined. Accordingly, the criteria of satisfaction and dissatisfaction are grouped under 3 main factors (Personal criteria (Fl), Social criteria (F2), natural and environmental impacts (F3). Consequently, it was determined 79.46% satisfaction rate and 47.83% dissatisfaction rate with 3,973 average value for Trabzon Eyof Memorial Park. The findings and methodology of this study may be an example for development of user satisfaction of urban parks in the developing countries. © 2020 Parlar Scientific Publications. All rights reserved.
Spatial distribution of gokcay basin forest biomass and carbon storage service
(Scibulcom Ltd., 2020) Ersoy Mirici, Merve; Tulek, B.
Landscapes have a structure that contains many functions and ecosystem services with their natural and cultural components. Vegetation especially in natural landscapes stands out not only visually, but also in terms of ecosystem services. It is known that carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide gases are among the greenhouse gases that have the highest share in global warming. Forest areas have climate protection functions by protecting settlements, agricultural areas and recreational facilities from the harmful effects of cold weather and wind, extreme weather changes and improving the regional climate. In this study, the focus is on the carbon storage service, which is evaluated in the category of regulatory services under ecosystem services. For the determination of forest biomass carbon storage capacity of Gokcay Basin, located in Turkey’s western Black Sea region, biomass estimation method calculated at the unit area level is used within the scope of LULUCF (Land use land use change and forestry) applications. In the method: (i) map of forest stand types; (ii) acreage of forest stand types; (iii) tree volume value; (iv) biomass expansion factor, wood density, root/shoot rate coefficients, and (v) percent tree cover map produced with remote sensing data are used. © 2020, Scibulcom Ltd.. All rights reserved.
Spatio-temporal urban change analysis and the ecological threats concerning the third bridge in istanbul city
(International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 2014) Akın Tanrıöver, Anıl; Aliffi, S.; Sunar, F.
Urban growth is a complex dynamical process associated with landscape change driving forces such as the environment, politics, geography and many others that affect the city at multiple spatial and temporal scales. Istanbul, one of the largest agglomerations in Europe and the fifth-largest city in the world in terms of population within city limits, has been growing very rapidly over the late 20th century at a rate of 3.45%, causing to have many environmental issues. Recently, Istanbul's new third bridge and proposed new routes for across the Bosphorus are foreseen to not only threaten the ecology of the city, but also it will give a way to new areas for unplanned urbanization. The dimensions of this threat are affirmed by the urban sprawl especially after the construction of the second bridge and the connections such as Trans European Motorway (TEM). Since the spatial and temporal components of urbanization can be more simply identified through modeling, this study aims to analyze the urban change and assess the ecological threats in Istanbul city through the proper modeling for the year 2040. For this purpose, commonly used urban modeling approach, the Markov Chain within Cellular Automata (CA), was selected to simulate urban/non-urban growth process. CA is a simple and effective tool to capture and simulate the complexity of urban system dynamic. The key factor for a Markov is the transition probability matrix, which defines change trend from past to today and into the future for a certain class type, and land use suitability maps for urban. Multi Criteria Analysis was used to build these suitability maps. Distance from each pixel to the urban, road and water classes, plus the elevation, slope and land use maps (as excluded layer) were defined as factors. Calibration data were obtained from remotely sensed data recorded in 1972, 1986 and 2013. Validation was performed by overlaying the simulated and actual 2013 urban maps and Kappa Index of Agreement was calculated. The results indicate that the urban expansion will influence mainly forest areas during the time period of 1972-2040.
Noise complaints during a pandemic: A longitudinal analysis
(Walter de Gruyter GmbH, 2021) Yıldırım, Yalçın; Arefi, M.
COVID-19 has affected people's lives in different ways from reduced mobility and staying-at-home orders to other daily life routines. These changes have, in turn, affected the quality of life in urban environments including air quality and noise. The noise aspect, for example, suggests quieter environments due to fewer vehicles on streets, and less human activities. On the other hand, staying at home may cause more activities happening at the building level, i.e., more people in buildings may make more noise for neighbors. In order to understand this nexus, the study examines the noise complaints data in Dallas, USA. To do this, the study first compares the noise complaints after the COVID-19 intercourse and the same data period in 2019. Findings surprisingly show reduced noise complaints during the COVID-19 time frame by about 14% compared to the pre-COVID-19 period. The majority of this reduction occurred in and around the city center. In other words, the noise complaints seem more spatially dispersed at the outskirts of the city. Another finding that directs more detailed analyses, however, considers the massive reduction of ridership, traffic circulation, and building permits. This needs some other techniques for determining the sources for incommensurate noise complaints. © 2021 Walter de Gruyter GmbH. All rights reserved.
THE SPATIOTEMPORAL LAND USE/COVER CHANGE of ADANA CITY
(Copernicus Gesellschaft Mbh, 2013) Akın Tanrıöver, Anıl; Erdogan, M. A.; Berberoglu, S.
The major driving factors for land use planning are largely limited to socio-economic inputs that do not completely represent the spatio-temporal patterns and ecological inputs have often been neglected. Integration of remote sensing and GIS techniques enabled successful applications in characterizing the spatiotemporal trends of land use/land cover (LULC) change. This study demonstrated an approach that combines remote sensing, landscape metrics, and LULC change analysis as a promising tool for understanding spatiotemporal patterns of Adana city. Calculation of spatial metrics was based on a categorical, patch-based representation of the landscape. Landscape metrics are conceptual framework for sustainable landscape and ecological planning. LULC change analysis was performed by considering the metric calculation. Post-classification technique was used for the metric based change detection and two different remotely sensed data set recorded in 1967 (CORONA) and 2007 (ALOS AVNIR) were used for the analysis. Additionally, a LULC projection for the year 2023 was also generated and integrated to the change analysis. SLEUTH model was utilised as a urban growth model for the future developments of study area in the scope of Cellular Automata (CA). SLEUTH model contains the main elements that characterize the core characteristics of CA: it works in a grid space of homogeneous cells, with a neighburhood of eight cells, two cell states and five transition rules that act in sequential time steps. Most useful and relevant metrics for landscape including: percentage of landscape, patch density, edge density, largest patch index, Euclidian mean nearest neighbor distance, area weighted mean patch fractal dimension and contagion were calculated for the 1967, 2007 and 2023 LULC maps and temporal changes were determined for the study area. Most considerable change was observed on the agricultural areas. Urban sprawl is the major driving factor of the LULC change.
Flood disaster vulnerability in informal settlements in Bursa, Turkey
(Sage Publications Ltd, 2013) Tas, Murat; Tas, Nilufer; Durak, Selen; Sayan Atanur, Gül
In Turkey, as in many other nations, there have been many urban flood disasters in recent years, and the greatest impact has often been on informal settlements. This paper reports on interviews with households who were affected by two floods in 2010 in two settlements in Bursa. Interviewees discussed why they lived there, the main problems they experienced, the factors that increased flood damage, the measures they took after the floods to minimize future flood impacts, the costs they incurred and where responsibility for disaster mitigation/preparedness lay. The conclusions emphasize the need for far more attention to disaster risk reduction and to working with low-income communities to identify how best such disaster risk reduction can be planned and implemented.
The impact of historical exclusion on the calibration of the SLEUTH urban growth model
(Elsevier Science Bv, 2014) Akın Tanrıöver, Anıl; Clarke, Keith C.; Berberoglu, Suha
This paper aims to emphasize the importance of the calibration process in urban growth modeling studies. The application of cellular automata (CA) in urban modeling can give insights into a wide variety of urban phenomena. The SLEUTH model, being as a well-tested CA, was utilized. Calibration data for the model were acquired from different sources of remotely sensed data recorded in 1967, 1977, 1987, 1998 and 2007. In this context three different excluded maps representing different scenarios were utilized during the calibration process in order to analyze the effects of different policies on urban growth. Each calibration scenario yielded its own parameter values. Thirteen calibration metrics for each scenario were derived. Integrating different exclusion layers to the beginning of the calibration process has reduced the number of possible growth patterns. The overall growth characteristics of Adana were similar for all calibration results and defined as organic growth except for the fact that the spatial allocation and the amount of potential urban pixels were different. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Response of the regression tree model to high resolution remote sensing data for predicting percent tree cover in a Mediterranean ecosystem
(Springer, 2015) Donmez, Cenk; Berberoglu, Suha; Erdogan, Mehmet Akif; Akın Tanrıöver, Anıl; Cilek, Ahmet
Percent tree cover is the percentage of the ground surface area covered by a vertical projection of the outermost perimeter of the plants. It is an important indicator to reveal the condition of forest systems and has a significant importance for ecosystem models as a main input. The aim of this study is to estimate the percent tree cover of various forest stands in a Mediterranean environment based on an empirical relationship between tree coverage and remotely sensed data in Goksu Watershed located at the Eastern Mediterranean coast of Turkey. A regression tree algorithm was used to simulate spatial fractions of Pinus nigra, Cedrus libani, Pinus brutia, Juniperus excelsa and Quercus cerris using multi-temporal LANDSAT TM/ETM data as predictor variables and land cover information. Two scenes of high resolution GeoEye-1 images were employed for training and testing the model. The predictor variables were incorporated in addition to biophysical variables estimated from the LANDSAT TM/ETMdata. Additionally, normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI) was incorporated to LANDSAT TM/ETM band settings as a biophysical variable. Stepwise linear regression (SLR) was applied for selecting the relevant bands to employ in regression tree process. SLR-selected variables produced accurate results in the model with a high correlation coefficient of 0.80. The output values ranged from 0 to 100 %. The different tree species were mapped in 30 m resolution in respect to elevation. Percent tree cover map as a final output was derived using LANDSAT TM/ETM image over Goksu Watershed and the biophysical variables. The results were tested using high spatial resolution GeoEye-1 images. Thus, the combination of the RT algorithm and higher resolution data for percent tree cover mapping were tested and examined in a complex Mediterranean environment.

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