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    Inventory development for perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) in Turkey: challenges to control chemicals in articles and products
    (Springer Heidelberg, 2015) Korucu, Mahmut Kemal; Gedik, Kadir; Weber, Roland; Karademir, Aykan; Kurt Karakuş, Perihan Binnur
    Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and related substances have been listed as persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the Stockholm Convention. Countries which have ratified the Convention need to take appropriate actions to control PFOS use and release. This study compiles and enhances the findings of the first inventory of PFOS and related substances use in Turkey conducted within the frame of the Stockholm Convention National Implementation Plan (NIP) update. The specific Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System (Harmonized System (HS)) codes of imported and exported goods that possibly contain PFOS and 165 of Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) numbers of PFOS-related substances were assessed for acquiring information from customs and other authorities. However, with the current approaches available, no useful information could be compiled since HS codes are not specific enough and CAS numbers are not used by customs. Furthermore, the cut-off volume in chemical databases in Turkey and the reporting limit in the HS system (0.1 %) are too high for controlling PFOS. The attempt of modeling imported volumes by a Monte Carlo simulation did not also result in a satisfactory estimate, giving an upper-bound estimate above the global production volumes. The replies to questionnaires were not satisfactory, highlighting that an elaborated approach is needed in the communication with potentially PFOS-using stakeholders. The experience of the challenges of gathering information on PFOS in articles and products revealed the gaps of controlling highly hazardous substances in products and articles and the need of improvements.
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    Spatial variability in the ambient concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans across the Middle East
    (Turkish Natl Committee Air Pollution Res & Control-Tuncap, 2022) Gevao, Bondi; Martinez-Guijarro, Karell; Kurt-Karakus, Perihan Binnur; Sukhn, Carol; Weber, Roland; Krishnan, Divya; Orif, Mohamed I.
    Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/F) were monitored at 12 sites across four countries (Kuwait, Turkey, Lebanon and, Oman) using validated passive air samplers between January 2018 and December 2018 in an attempt to set up a monitoring network for persistent organic pollutants (POPs) across the Middle East. The highest concentrations of sigma PCDD/F were detected in Oman reflecting the proximity of the site to a steel melting company at Al-Rassil Industrial area (557 fg I-TEQ m-3) and a hospital waste incinerator at Al-Multaga (489 fg I-TEQ m-3). Elevated levels were also measured at all monitoring sites across Kuwait with average concentrations ranging from-150 fg I-TEQ m- 3 at the Shuwaikh site to-250 fg I-TEQ m- 3 at the Salmiya and Abdali sites. Levels of sigma PCDD/F at all other stations in the region were generally lower than 35 fg I-TEQ m- 3. The levels of 1,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDF were frequently a factor of two higher compared to 1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDF suggesting that an additional source exists which involves the use of elemental chlorine. This study has provided the first reliable measurements of the atmospheric concentrations of PCDD/F in the Middle East providing a baseline for assessing time trends in PCDD/F in the air, one of the core matrices for the effectiveness evaluation under the Stockholm Convention on POPs.