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Öğe A Review on the Toxic Effects of Medicines used in Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Treatment(DAHUDER, 2022) Özlü, Aysegul; Taner, Gökçe; Koca, NizameddinThe novel coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic is affecting all around the world, particularly healthcare systems. The most critical problem for the COVID-19 infection as an emerging acute respiratory disease is the lack of effective methods to control and treat the disease. To date, there is no specific therapeutic agent approved by the FDA, so treatment options are limited. There are more than 4034 interventional studies in progress listed in clinicaltrials.org (Access date: 21.12.2021). This number was 900 approximately in December 2020. These intensive studies, which have increased fourfold, are to find a safe and effective treatment method. Since absolute therapy has not been standardized globally, the treatment approach varies from country to country and even from hospital to hospital. In addition to the vaccine studies that have been finalized and the vaccines are available for use, additional studies are underway for existing drugs that can prevent this disease or improve outcomes for COVID patients. The potential toxicity of the drugs chosen for the treatment is one of the more critical limiting factors. Although the side effects of previously approved medicines are known, studies are needed to determine the side effect profiles for newly approved products such as remdesivir. In this review, we gathered the adverse and toxic effects of medications used against COVID-19 treatment according to the COVID guideline published by the Scientific Advisory Board of the Ministry of Health of Turkey.Öğe Arı Ekmeğinin İnsan HMC3 Mikroglia Hücre Hattındaki Sitotoksik Etkileri(Bingol University, 2025) Yilmaz, Faysal; Taner, GökçeBu çalışma, Bursa bölgesinden elde edilen arı ekmeği (AE) ekstraktının insan HMC3 mikroglia hücre hattındaki sitotoksik etkilerini değerlendirmek amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Mikroglialar, merkezi sinir sisteminde immün yanıtların düzenlenmesi ve homeostazın korunmasında kritik rol oynayan hücrelerdir. AE, polifenoller, flavonoidler, vitaminler ve minerallerce zengin bir arı ürünü olup, düşük dozlarda antioksidan ve antienflamatuvar özellikleriyle hücresel koruma sağlayabileceği düşünülmektedir. Deneysel çalışmada, kültüre alınan HMC3 hücreleri farklı AE konsantrasyonları (50, 100, 200, 500, 1000 ve 2000 ppm) ile 24 saat inkübe edilmiştir. Hücre metabolik aktivitesi 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide (MTT) testi ile, lizozomal membran bütünlüğü ise nötral kırmızısı alım (NKA) testi ile değerlendirilmiştir. Elde edilen veriler, solvent kontrol (SK) grubuna göre normalize edilmiş ve istatistiksel analizler gerçekleştirilmiştir. MTT testi sonuçlarına göre, AE 50–200 ppm aralığında hücre metabolik aktivitesini hafif artırmış (%114– 118), 500 ve 1000 ppm’de kontrol düzeyine yakın sonuçlar elde edilmiş, 2000 ppm’de ise anlamlı düşüş (%74,2; pÖğe Assessment of DNA damage in ceramic workers(Oxford Univ Press, 2018) Anlar, Hatice Gul; Taner, Gökçe; Bacanli, Merve; Iritas, Servet; Kurt, Turker; Tutkun, EnginIt is known that ceramic workers are potentially exposed to complex mixture of chemicals such as silica, inorganic lead, lime, beryllium and aluminum that can be associated with an increased risk of several diseases. All operations in the ceramic industries such as mixing, moulding, casting, shaking out and finishing jobs, have been associated with the higher exposure levels and in most of the silica-related industries, average overall exposure exceeded permissible exposure levels for respirable crystalline silica. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible genotoxic damage in ceramic workers exposed to complex mixture of chemicals mainly crystalline silica. For this purpose, the blood and buccal epithelial cell samples were taken from the ceramic workers (n = 99) and their controls (n = 81). The genotoxicity was assessed by the alkaline comet assay in isolated lymphocytes and whole blood. Micronucleus (MN), binucleated (BN), pyknotic (PYC), condensed chromatin (CC), karyolytic (KYL), karyorrhectic (KHC) and nuclear bud (NBUD) frequencies in buccal epithelial cells and plasma 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) levels were also evaluated. In the study, 38 workers were diagnosed with silicosis, 9 workers were suspected to have silicosis, whereas 52 workers were found to be healthy. DNA damage in blood and lymphocytes; MN, CC + KHC, PYC frequencies in buccal epithelial cells and 8-oxodG levels in plasma were increased in workers compared to their controls. These results showed that occupational chemical mixture exposure in ceramic industry may cause genotoxic damage that can lead to important health problems in the workers.Öğe Assessment of DNA damage in welders using comet and micronucleus assays(Elsevier, 2019) Aksu, Ildeniz; Anlar, Hatice Gul; Taner, Gökçe; Bacanli, Merve; Iritas, Servet; Tutkun, EnginWelding technology is widely used in pressurized containers, thermal power plants, refineries, chemical facilities and steel structures. Welders are exposed to a number of hazardous compounds such as ultraviolet (UV) radiation, electromagnetic fields, toxic metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). In the present study, 48 welders and an equal number of control subjects were evaluated for DNA damage in the whole blood and isolated lymphocytes using the comet assay. The genotoxic damage in buccal epithelial cells of subjects was determined by micronucleus (MN) assay. Metal(loids) such as Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, As, Cd and Pb levels in blood samples were evaluated by using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS). Results of this study showed that DNA damage in blood, isolated lymphocytes, and buccal epithelial cells were significantly higher in workers compared to the controls. Also, these workers had remarkably higher blood Cr, Cu, Cd, Ni and Pb levels. These results showed that occupational exposure to welding fumes may cause genotoxic damage that can lead to important health problems in the workers. More extensive epidemiological studies should be performed that enable the assessment of health risk in welding industry.Öğe Co-electrospun-electrosprayed PVA/folic acid nanofibers for transdermal drug delivery: Preparation, characterization, and in vitro cytocompatibility(SAGE Publications Ltd, 2022) Parın, Fatma Nur; Aydemir, Ç.İ.; Taner, Gökçe; Yıldırım, KenanIn this study, hydrophilic based bioactive nanofibers were produced via an electrospinning and electrospraying simultaneous process. Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), poly(vinyl alcohol)-gelatin (PVA-Gel), and poly(vinyl alcohol)-alginate (PVA-Alg) polymers were used as the matrix material and folic acid (FA) particles were dispersed simultaneously on the surface of the nanofibers. The morphology of the nanofibers (NFs) was uniform and confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. Thermal behavior, chemical structure of the composite nanofibers were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis, and Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy which showed that no chemical bonding between vitamin and polymers. A fast release of FA-loaded electrospun fibers was carried out by UV-Vis in vitro study within the 8 hour-period in artificial sweat solutions (pH 5.44). The obtained PVA/FA, PVA-Gel/FA, and PVA-Alg/FA fibers released 49.6%, 69.55%, and 50.88% of the sprayed FA in 8 h, indicating the influence of polymer matrix and polymer-drug interactions, on its release from the polymer matrix. Moreover, biocompatibility of all developed novel NFs was assessed by two different cytotoxicity tests, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and neutral red uptake (NRU) assay in L929 (mouse fibroblasts) cell lines. In all cases, it is concluded that these new electrospun fibers had fast-release of the vitamin and the hybrid process is suitable for transdermal patch applications, especially for skin-care products. The results of cytocompatibility assays on L929 reveal that all prepared NFs have no or slight cell toxicity. PVA and PVA-Gel with/without FA nanofibers seems more biocompatible than PVA-Alg nanofibers. © The Author(s) 2021.Öğe Comparisons of antioxidant, cytotoxic and genotoxic/antigenotoxic effects of pycnogenol and rosmarinic acid(Elsevier Ireland Ltd, 2016) Taner, Gökçe; Aydin, S.; Aytac, Z.; Basaran, A. A.; Basaran, N.[No Abstract Available]Öğe DEVELOPMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION OF VITAMIN B9 - ELECTROSPRAYED NON-WOVEN SURFACES FOR WOUND HEALING APPLICATIONS(Eskişehir Teknik Üniversitesi, 2021) Parın, Fatma Nur; Yıldırım, Kenan; Taner, Gökçe; Kıldalı, ElifeIn this study, novel wound dressing materials based on non-woven (NW) surfaces were developed using electrospraying (e-spraying) process. Polyester spunbond (PET SPB), polypropylene spunbond (PP SPB), and polypropylene melt-blown (PP MB) surfaces used as matrix, and folic acid (FA), vitamin B9 were sprayed on these surfaces. The resulting NW fabrics with the same FA content were investigated in terms of chemical, morphological, thermal, wettability properties. Scanning Electron Microscopy and (SEM) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy results showed formation of physical interaction between NWs and FA is successfully deposited onto NWs with average fiber diameters from 2.6 µm to 23.11 µm. According to the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) FA loaded-PP SPB have enhaced thermal stability compared to pure one (PP SPB). The FA-loaded surfaces have hydrophobic property with contact angles values more than >90°. The in-vitro release was carried out by UV-Vis within the 8 hour-period phosphate buffer saline (pH 7.2). The results indicated that FA-loaded surfaces have a fast release behaviour. The total FA release amounts of the FA-loaded PET SBP, PP SPB and PP MB NWs were found as 22.8, 17.1, and 17.5 ppm. Moreover, biocompatibility of all resulting NW surfaces was assessed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and neutral red uptake (NRU) cytotoxicity tests in L929 cell lines. The obtained NWs have biocompatible and non-toxic material except PET SPB-sFA.The study indicated that FA-loaded NWs can be potential candidates for wound healing applications.Öğe Environmental boron exposure does not induce DNA damage in lymphocytes and buccal cells of females DNA damage in lymphocytes and buccal cells of boron exposed females(Elsevier Gmbh, 2019) Basaran, Nursen; Duydu, Yalcin; Ustundag, Aylin; Taner, Gökçe; Aydin Dilsiz, Sevtap; Anlar, Hatice GulBoron (B) compounds are essential for plants and animals and beneficial for humans in nutritional amounts. I animals and humans increasing evidence have shown beneficial effects on B compounds on nutrition and on antioxidant status. The genotoxic effects of environmental B exposure in women living in boron-rich and boronpoor areas was examined in this study. For this purpose, the DNA damage in the lymphocytes and buccal cells of females were assessed by Comet and micronucleus (MN) assays respectively. No significant difference was observed in the DNA damage of the lymphocytes of B exposed groups of female volunteers in Comet assay. Even buccal micronucleus (MN) frequency observed in the high exposure group was significantly lower than the low exposure group (p < 0.05). The results of this study came to the same conclusions of the previous studies that boron does not induce DNA damage even under extreme exposure conditions.Öğe Evaluation of the DNA damage in lymphocytes, sperm and buccal cells of workers under environmental and occupational boron exposure conditions(Elsevier, 2019) Basaran, Nursen; Duydu, Yalcin; Ustundag, Aylin; Taner, Gökçe; Aydin, Sevtap; Anlar, Hatice GulIndustrial production and use of boron compounds have increased during the last decades, especially for the manufacture of borosilicate glass, fiberglass, metal alloys and flame retardants. This study was conducted in two districts of Balikesir; Bandirma and Bigadic, which geographically belong to the Marmara Region of Turkey. Bandirma is the production and exportation zone for the produced boric acid and some borates and Bigadic has the largest B deposits in Turkey. 102 male workers who were occupationally exposed to boron from Bandirma and 110 workers who were occupationally and environmentally exposed to boron from Bigadic participated to our study. In this study the DNA damage in the sperm, blood and buccal cells of 212 males was evaluated by comet and micronucleus assays. No significant increase in the DNA damage in blood, sperm and buccal cells was observed in the residents exposed to boron both occupationally and environmentally (p = 0.861) for Comet test in the sperm samples, p = 0.116 for Comet test in the lymphocyte samples, p = 0.042 for micronucleus (MN) test, p = 0.955 for binucleated cells (BN), p = 1.486 for condensed chromatin (CC), p = 0.455 for karyorrhectic cells (KHC), p = 0.541 for karyolitic cells (KLY), p = 1.057 for pyknotic cells (PHC), p = 0.331 for nuclear bud (NBUD)). No correlations were seen between blood boron levels and tail intensity values of the sperm samples, lymphocyte samples, frequencies of MN, BN, KHC, KYL, PHC and NBUD. The results of this study came to the same conclusions of the previous studies that boron does not induce DNA damage even under extreme exposure conditions.Öğe Evaluation of the in vitro antioxidant, cytotoxic and genotoxic/antigenotoxic effects of resveratrol(Elsevier Ireland Ltd, 2016) Taner, Gökçe; Aydin, S.; Aytac, Z.; Basaran, A. A.; Basaran, N.[No Abstract Available]Öğe Genotoxic And Antigenotoxic Effects Of Corilagin In In Vitro Human Lymphocyte Cultures(Erzincan Binali Yıldırım Üniversitesi, 2022) Turan, Elif; Taner, GökçeBitkiler tarafından ikincil metabolitler olarak sentezlenen doğal bileşiklerin, serbest radikallerin neden olduğu oksidatif strese ve bunların aracılık ettiği genetik hasara karşı koruyucu etkilerinin olduğu birçok araştırmada bildirilmiştir. Bu doğal bileşikler arasında polifenollerin özellikle güçlü antioksidan aktiviteleri olduğu bilinmektedir. Euphorbiaceae, Geraniaceae ve Lythracea familyaları gibi birçok bitki türünde bulunan bir tanen olan korilagin, çok çeşitli farmakolojik etkilere sahiptir. Bu çalışmada, korilaginin güvenli konsantrasyonlarını belirlemek için in vitro insan periferik kan lenfosit kültürlerinde mikroçekirdek (MÇ) ve kromozom anormallikleri (KA) testleri kullanılarak genotoksik/antigenotoksik etkileri araştırıldı. 10-100 µg/ml korilagin hücrelere tek başına ve 0.2 µg/ml MMC ile eş zamanlı olarak uygulandı ve tüm analizler 3 tekrarlı olarak gerçekleştirildi. Analizlerin sonuçlarına göre korilaginin 10, 25, 50 µg/ml uygulama konsantrasyonlarında MÇ ve KA oluşumunda istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir artışa neden olmadığı hatta MMC uygulaması ile artan MÇ frekansında ve kromozom anormalliklerde istatistiksel olarak önemli oranda azalma sağladığı belirlenmiştir. Diğer yandan bu etkinin konsantrasyona bağlı olduğu ve 100 µg/ml’de DNA hasarını artıcı etki gösterdiği belirlenmiştir. Bu durumun birçok güçlü antioksidanda görülen konsantrasyona bağlı prooksidan aktivite nedeniyle olduğu düşünülmektedir. Çalışma sonuçları korilaginin düşük konsantrasyonlarının MMC gibi genotoksik ajanlar tarafından oluşan genetik hasara karşı antigenotoksik etkisinin olduğunu, kemoterapinin yan etkilerine karşı kullanılabileceğini göstermektedir.Öğe In vitro Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity/Antigenotoxicity Evaluation of Encapsulated Black Garlic Extracts on A549 Cells(Sağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi, 2024) Aydemir, Çiğdem İnci; Temiztürk, Hatice Elif; Taner, GökçeObjectives: Black garlic is produced by fermenting fresh garlic under controlled temperature and humidity conditions for an extended period. Due to its sweeter taste and lack of pungent odor compared to fresh garlic, black garlic is easier to consume. Moreover, the increase in bioactive compounds such as polyphenols and flavonoids during fermentation has sparked interest in studying the health effects of black garlic. It is known that different fermentation and extraction methods can lead to variations in biological activities. Therefore, analyzing the effectiveness of black garlic processed by different methods is of critical importance. In our study, we investigated the cytotoxic, genotoxic, and antigenotoxic effects of different concentrations of encapsulated black garlic capsule extract (BGC) on lung cancer cells. Methods: The A549 cell line was used to investigate the effects of BGC. Cells treated with BGC at different concentrations (10, 25, 50, 100, 125, 250, 500, and 1000 µg/mL) for 24 hours were subjected to MTT and NRU assays to examine the cytotoxic effects. Alkaline comet assay was performed to investigate genotoxic and antigenotoxic effects. For antigenotoxicity analysis, cells pretreated with BGC were exposed to H2O2 to explore the protective effects of BGC. Results: According to the MTT results, cell viability remained at 90% even at concentrations higher than 125 µg/mL. However, in the NRU analysis, viability decreased to less than 70% at concentrations ranging from 50 µg/mL. Comet assay results revealed significant increases in tail length and tail intensity at different concentrations (specifically, at 250 µg/mL and above and at 50 µg/mL and 100 µg/mL, respectively). However, tail moments did not show any significant differences at any concentration. Additionally, BGC significantly reduced H2O2-induced DNA damage. Conclusions: Our research demonstrated that BGC reduces the viability of lung cancer cells and can have genotoxic effects. Additionally, its protective effect against oxidative damage was shown at the DNA level. Based on these data, further research can be conducted on the use of BGC against cancer.Öğe PHYSICOCHEMICAL, BIOCHEMICAL AND SENSORY CHARACTERIZATION OF BEE BREAD FROM BURSA (TURKiYE) REGION(Bursa Uludag University, 2024) Ergun, Hacer; Taner, Gökçe; Cinar, Aycan; Karagül Yüceer, YoncaBee bread, also known as perga, is a product created through anaerobic lactic fermentation, meticulously crafted by bees. Worker bees mix collected pollen with nectar and their specialized enzymes, then pack and store this nutrient-dense substance in honeycomb cells. Bee bread is highly esteemed as a valuable food source due to its rich protein content, antioxidants, phenolic compounds, vitamins, and minerals. Its health benefits have been increasingly recognized in recent years. This study aims to investigate the physical and chemical properties, as well as the aroma constituents, of bee bread samples sourced from Bursa and its surrounding areas. The analysis includes measurements of moisture content (17.89%), ash (2.53%), crude fat (9.16%), and crude protein (19.06%). Additionally, total phenolic content was determined 9.91 mg gallic acid equivalent per gram (mg GA/g), total flavonoid content at 0.32 mg quercetin equivalent per gram (mg QE/g), CUPRAC activity at 12.97 mg Trolox equivalent per gram (mg Trolox/g), and TEAC activity at 0.55 mM Trolox per m ter (mg Trolox/mL). Aromatic compounds were identified and their percentage ratios determined using Solid Phase Microextraction (SPME) combined with Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). These findings align with previous research in the field, although significant variations among parameters are noted due to factors such as geographic location, climate, vegetation, collection time, and sample collection methodology. © 2024 Bursa Uludag University. All rights reserved.Öğe PHYSICOCHEMICAL, BIOCHEMICAL AND SENSORY CHARACTERIZATION OF BEE BREAD FROM BURSA (TÜRKİYE) REGION(2024) Ergün, Hacer; Taner, Gökçe; Cınar, Aycan Yıgıt; Yüceer, Yonca KaragülBee bread, also known as perga, is a product created through anaerobic lactic fermentation, meticulously crafted by bees. Worker bees mix collected pollen with nectar and their specialized enzymes, then pack and store this nutrient-dense substance in honeycomb cells. Bee bread is highly esteemed as a valuable food source due to its rich protein content, antioxidants, phenolic compounds, vitamins, and minerals. Its health benefits have been increasingly recognized in recent years. This study aims to investigate the physical and chemical properties, as well as the aroma constituents, of bee bread samples sourced from Bursa and its surrounding areas. The analysis includes measurements of moisture content (17.89%), ash (2.53%), crude fat (9.16%), and crude protein (19.06%). Additionally, total phenolic content was determined 9.91 mg gallic acid equivalent per gram (mg GA/g), total flavonoid content at 0.32 mg quercetin equivalent per gram (mg QE/g), CUPRAC activity at 12.97 mg Trolox equivalent per gram (mg Trolox/g), and TEAC activity at 0.55 mM Trolox per milliliter (mg Trolox/mL). Aromatic compounds were identified and their percentage ratios determined using Solid Phase Microextraction (SPME) combined with Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). These findings align with previous research in the field, although significant variations among parameters are noted due to factors such as geographic location, climate, vegetation, collection time, and sample collection methodology.Öğe Resveratrol Protects Sepsis-Induced Oxidative DNA Damage in Liver and Kidney of Rats(Galenos Yayincilik, 2016) Aydin, Sevtap; Sahin, Tevfik Tolga; Bacanli, Merve; Taner, Gökçe; Basaran, Arif Ahmet; Aydin, MehtapBackground: The increases of free radicals have been proposed to be involved in the pathogenesis of sepsis, which leads to multiple-organ dysfunction syndromes. The uses of antioxidants as a complementary tool in the medical care of oxidative stress-related diseases have attracted attention of researchers. Resveratrol (RV) has suggested being antioxidant, anti-proliferative, and anti-inflammatory effects in various experimental models and clinical settings. Aims: This study was undertaken to evaluate the protective effects of RV on oxidative DNA damage induced by sepsis in the liver and kidney tissues of Wistar albino rats. Study Design: Animal experimentation. Methods: Four experimental groups consisting of eight animals for each was created using a total of thirty-two male Wistar albino rats. Sham group was given 0.5 mL of saline intra-peritoneal (ip) only following laparatomy. Sepsis group was given 0.5 mL saline ip only following the induction of sepsis. RV-treated group was given a dose of 100 mg/kg ip RV in 0.5 mL saline following laparatomy. RV-treated sepsis group was given 100 mg/kg ip RV in 0.5 mL saline following the induction of sepsis. A model of sepsis was created by cecal ligation and puncture technique. In the liver and kidney tissues, oxidative stress parameters (malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX)) and a proinflammatory cytokine (tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha)), were evaluated spectrophotometrically and DNA damage was determined by the alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay) technique using formamidopyrimidine DNA glycosylase protein. Results: In the RV-treated sepsis group, the levels of MDA and TNF-alpha were lower and GSH levels, SOD and GPX activities were higher than in the septic rats (p<0.05). RV treatment significantly reduced the sepsis-induced oxidative DNA damage in the liver and kidney cells (p<0.05). Conclusion: It is suggested that RV treatment might reduce the sepsis-induced oxidative DNA damages in sepsis-related diseases; however, there is a need for more studies to clear up the protective mechanisms of RV against sepsis.Öğe Use of in vitro assays to assess the potential cytotoxic, genotoxic and antigenotoxic effects of vanillic and cinnamic acid(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2017) Taner, Gökçe; Vardar, Deniz Ozkan; Aydin, Sevtap; Aytac, Zeki; Basaran, Ahmet; Basaran, NursenVanillic acid (VA) found in vanilla and cinnamic acid (CA) the precursor of flavonoids and found in cinnamon oil, are natural plant phenolic acids which are secondary aromatic plant products suggested to possess many physiological and pharmacological functions. In vitro and in vivo experiments have shown that phenolic acids exhibit powerful effects on biological responses by scavenging free radicals and eliciting antioxidant capacity. In the present study, we investigated the antioxidant capacity of VA and CA by the trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assay, cytotoxicity by neutral red uptake (NRU) assay in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells and also the genotoxic and antigenotoxic effects of these phenolic acids using the cytokinesis-blocked micronucleus (CBMN) and the alkaline comet assays in human peripheral blood lymphocytes. At all tested concentrations, VA (0.17-67.2 mu g/ml) showed antioxidant activity but CA (0.15-59.2 mu g/ml) did not show antioxidant activity against 2,2-azino-bis (3-ethylbenz-thiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS). VA (0.84, 4.2, 8.4, 16.8, 84 and 168 mu g/ml) and CA (0.74, 3.7, 7.4, 14.8, 74, 148 mu g/ml) did not have cytotoxic and genotoxic effects alone at the studied concentrations as compared with the controls. Both VA and CA seem to decrease DNA damage induced by H2O2 in human lymphocytes.
