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    Design and Characterization of Polyvinyl Alcohol/Kappa-Carrageenan Pickering Emulsion Biocomposite Films for Potential Wound Care Applications
    (Wiley, 2024) Yesilyurt, Aysenur; Mayakrishnan, Gopiraman; Parin, Ugur; Kim, Ick Soo; Parin, Fatma Nur; Ullah, Azeem
    This study aimed to develop polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and kappa-carrageenan (kappa CA) biocomposite films using a Pickering emulsion technique for wound care applications. Juniper essential oil and modified sepiolite were incorporated to enhance functionality, with films prepared via solvent casting and characterized for structural, thermal, and mechanical properties. The PCOS-2 film exhibited the highest mechanical performance, with Young's modulus of 6.25 +/- 1.3 MPa, tensile strength of 5.65 +/- 1.7 MPa, and elongation at break of 608.96% +/- 72.8%. Antibacterial assays showed inhibition zones of 9 and 10 mm against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, respectively, for the PCOS-2 film, while antioxidant activity reached 63% DPPH radical scavenging after 12 h. Additionally, porosity and hydrophilicity were enhanced, as indicated by contact angles of 55 degrees for the control film and 71.2 degrees for PCOS-2. These results underscore the potential of PVA/kappa CA biocomposite films as sustainable and bioactive wound dressings, combining mechanical resilience, bioactivity, and environmental compatibility, with future efforts focused on optimizing antibacterial efficacy against gram-negative bacteria and clinical validation.
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    Development of PVA-Psyllium Husk Meshes via Emulsion Electrospinning: Preparation, Characterization, and Antibacterial Activity
    (Mdpi, 2022) Parin, Fatma Nur; Ullah, Azeem; Yesilyurt, Aysenur; Parin, Ugur; Haider, Md Kaiser; Kharaghani, Davood
    In this study, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and psyllium husk (PSH)/D-limonene electrospun meshes were produced by emulsion electrospinning for use as substrates to prevent the growth of bacteria. D-limonene and modified microcrystalline cellulose (mMCC) were preferred as antibacterial agents. SEM micrographs showed that PVA-PSH electrospun mesh with a 4% amount of D-limonene has the best average fiber distribution with 298.38 +/- 62.8 nm. Moreover, the fiber morphology disrupts with the addition of 6% D-limonene. FT-IR spectroscopy was used to analyze the chemical structure between matrix-antibacterial agents (mMCC and D-limonene). Although there were some partial physical interactions in the FT-IR spectrum, no chemical reactions were seen between the matrixes and the antibacterial agents. The thermal properties of the meshes were determined using thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). The thermal stability of the samples increased with the addition of mMCC. Further, the PVA-PSH-mMCC mesh had the highest value of contact angle (81 degrees +/- 4.05). The antibacterial activity of functional meshes against Gram (-) (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and Gram (+) bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) was specified based on a zone inhibition test. PPMD6 meshes had the highest antibacterial results with 21 mm, 16 mm, and 15 mm against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, respectively. While increasing the amount of D-limonene enhanced the antibacterial activity, it significantly decreased the amount of release in cases of excess D-limonene amount. Due to good fiber morphology, the highest D-limonene release value (83.1%) was observed in PPMD4 functional meshes. The developed functional meshes can be utilized as wound dressing material based on our data.
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    Effects of essential oil on the properties of egg white/polyacrylamide (EW/PAAm) Pickering emulsion hydrogels (PEHs) via UV crosslinking
    (Springer, 2025) Parin, Fatma Nur; Gun, Ahmetcan; Ilhan, Recep; Parin, Ugur
    Currently, several researches have demonstrated that hydrogels are useful for wound healing in a variety of approaches. Herein, Pickering oil-in-water (o/w) emulsion hydrogels were rapidly produced by free radical photopolymerization (UV crosslinking). Egg white (EW) polymer and acrylamide monomer were used as water phase, whereas lavender essential oil was used as oil phase. The bio-based surfactant beta-cyclodextrin was used to stabilize emulsion hydrogels. The introduction of lavender essential oil (LEO) in specific amounts in total emulsion (10 - 50% v/v) was performed. The functional groups in the hydrogels were confirmed by the attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FT-IR). The hydrogels had a swelling ratio of more than 200% and contact angle values of below 70 degrees. The max compression stress of the hydrogels with 20% LEO concentration was 354.98 kPa. The morphology and mechanical characteristics of Pickering hydrogels may be changed by adjusting the increment of LEO concentration in emulsions. Increasing the oil concentration causes droplet diameters to be increased and Young's modulus to be decreased. The hydrogels with LEO concentration of 40-50% showed antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) with 9-12 mm zone inhibition. It was observed that the hydrodegradation phenomena increased with the increment of the lavender oil amount in the total emulsion and reached the highest 80.1% value for 28-day period. In accordance with the findings, the produced hydrogels have the potential to be used as wound dressings in wound healing applications. [GRAPHICS] .
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    Preparation and characterization of Pickering foams by mechanical frothing and emulsion templating
    (Budapest Univ Technol & Econ, 2024) Parin, Fatma Nur; Dinc, Hatice; Parin, Ugur; Kildali, Elife; Taner, Gokce
    In this study, Pickering foamed emulsions have been prepared using beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD), and d-limonene as a surfactant and an oil phase, respectively. The incorporation of beta-CD/d-limonene inclusion complexes (ICs) in specific proportions (1:1, 1:3, and 1:5) to water phase, which is a polymer matrix composed of a mixture of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and psyllium husk (PSH) by mechanical frothing at high speed, and air bubbles have been formed in oil in water (o/w) emulsions. Ecofriendly bio-based foams have been developed in this method. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis showed PVA/PSH Pickering foams usually open porous morphologies and the addition of d-limonene increases the amount of porosity from 43 to 49%. Although the resulting foams indicated similar thermal degradation profile, the presence of d-limonene in foams increased thermal stability. The surfaces of foams have a hydrophilic property with contact angles values lower than 80 degrees. The tensile strength of foams decreased from 170 to 100 kPa due to the increased porosity. All foams indicated antibacterial activity to Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) with 9-12 mm zone inhibition. The incorporation of d-limonene into foams surprisingly decreased the cell viability. In brief, our findings show that the Pickering foams can be beneficial for wound healing applications.
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    PVA/Inulin-Based Sustainable Films Reinforced with Pickering Emulsion of Niaouli Essential Oil for Potential Wound Healing Applications
    (Mdpi, 2023) Parin, Fatma Nur; El-Ghazali, Sofia; Yesilyurt, Aysenur; Parin, Ugur; Ullah, Azeem; Khatri, Muzamil; Kim, Ick Soo
    In this study, sustainable water-based films were produced via the solvent-casting method. Petroleum-free-based polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and carbohydrate-based inulin (INL) were used as matrices. Vegetable-waste pumpkin powder was used in the study because of its sustainability and antibacterial properties. Pickering emulsions were prepared using beta-cyclodextrin. The influence of the different ratios of the beta-cyclodextrin/niaouli essential oil (beta-CD/NEO) inclusion complex (such as 1:1, 1:3, and 1:5) on the morphological (SEM), thermal (TGA), physical (FT-IR), wettability (contact angle), and mechanical (tensile test) characteristics of PVA/inulin films were investigated. Moreover, the antibacterial activities against the Gram (-) (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and Gram (+) (Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria of the obtained films were studied. From the morphological analysis, good emulsion stability and porosity were obtained in the Pickering films with the highest oil content, while instability was observed in the Pickering films with the lowest concentration of oil content. Thermal and spectroscopic analysis indicated there was no significant difference between the Pickering emulsion films and neat films. With the addition of Pickering emulsions, the tensile stress values decreased from 7.3 +/- 1.9 MPa to 3.3 +/- 0.2. According to the antibacterial efficiency results, films containing pumpkin powder and Pickering emulsion films containing both pumpkin powder and a ratio of 1:1 (beta-CD/NEO) did not have an antibacterial effect, while Pickering emulsion films with a ratio of (beta-CD/NEO) 1:3 and 1:5 showed an antibacterial effect against Escherichia coli, with a zone diameter of 12 cm and 17 cm, respectively. Among the samples, the films with ratio of (beta-CD/NEO) 1:5 had the highest antioxidant capacity, as assessed by DPPH radical scavenging at 12 h intervals. Further, none of the samples showed any cytotoxic effects the according to LDH and WST-1 cytotoxicity analysis for the NIH3T3 cell line. Ultimately, it is expected that these films are completely bio-based and may be potential candidates for use in wound healing applications.
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    Spirulina Biomass-Loaded Thermoplastic Polyurethane/Polycaprolacton (TPU/PCL) Nanofibrous Mats: Fabrication, Characterization, and Antibacterial Activity as Potential Wound Healing
    (Wiley-V C H Verlag Gmbh, 2022) Parin, Fatma Nur; Parin, Ugur
    The development of antibacterial products with therapeutic properties has become a popular human health trend. Herein, for the first time, we described an effective antibacterial thermoplastic polyurethane/polycaprolacton (TPU/PCL) composite nanofibers loaded with the spirulina biomass by electrospinning method for wound care applications. The chemical, microstructural, mechanical, wettability properties and antibacterial activities of produced electrospun TPU/PCL/spirulina fibers with varied spirulina concentrations (1, 3, and 5 %, w/v to polymer solution) were investigated by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), UV-VIS Spectroscopy, optical tensiometer and tensile testing machine. The SEM micrographs revealed that all resultant fibers have an average fiber diameter of 228-312 nm and a significant porosity (86-90 %). FT-IR spectrum pointed out no chemical bonding between spirulina and polymer matrixes. Increasing the spirulina content caused an increased swelling capacity of the nanofibers. Furthermore, TPU/PCL/spirulina samples indicated superhydrophilic property with contact angle values almost 36 degrees, 0 degrees, and 0 degrees, respectively. The resultant TPU/PCL/spirulina fibers, released 36.89 ppm, 59.4 ppm, and 209.1 ppm of the spirulina after 8 hours, respectively and showing the effect of interactions between the TPU/PCL matrix and the spirulina on its release of the TPU/PCL matrix. Fluid absorption value have increased as incorporation of spirulina into the polymer matrix. All TPU/PCL/spirulina fibers and spirulina have antibacterial efficiency against E.colibacteria.TPU/PCL nanofiber with the highest amount of spirulina (5 %) has the highest tensile strength with 3.89 +/- 0.19 MPa.The electrospun TPU/PCL/spirulina nanofibers appear to be a potential candidate material for tissue engineering and wound care applications, based on our results.