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    Caustic in textile processes and environmentally responsible solutions: a mini-review
    (Springer Heidelberg, 2025) Musaoglu, Nur; Unlu, Derya
    The textile industry is a sector that encompasses the production and processing of textile products, one of the important necessities of human life. The textile market has high growth potential and faces significant sustainability challenges. The fashion and textile industry is experiencing significant attention and growth, with projections estimating a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.4% by 2028. Textile processes consume large amounts of water (55 L per kg fabric of water) and energy (8-20 kWh/kg), while chemicals released into wastewater cause environmental impacts. Therefore, environmentally friendly, and efficient production methods are being explored. Caustic is one of the chemicals that play an important role in textile processing however, the use of caustic causes environmental pollution. The mercerization process in the textile industry consumes 170-350 g/kg fabric of caustic soda. It is therefore important to investigate caustic recovery and alternative chemicals that can be used instead. Caustic recovery aims to recover and reuse caustic from wastewater. This method can be cost-effective while reducing environmental impacts. Another method is to evaluate alternative chemicals that can be used instead of caustic. Enzymes play a major role in studies of alternative chemicals. Enzymes are an environmentally friendly option that can replace chemicals used in textile processes. The use of enzymes can lead to softer touch and more efficient results in textile production. However, enzymes have some limitations such as cost and stability issues. Therefore, developments and research in enzyme technology are ongoing. Overall, the textile industry faces considerable challenges related to sustainability and efficiency. This study aims to recommend several key strategies for the recovery of caustic in textile dyehouse wastewater and alternative chemicals that can be used instead of caustic. This paper presents a comprehensive study on caustic management practices in textile dyeing plants, emphasizing strategies to minimize wastewater generation.
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    Efficient and Sustainable Bleaching of Cotton and Cotton/Polyester Fabric Using Alternative Chemicals
    (Korean Fiber Soc, 2025) Musaoglu, Nur; Unlu, Derya
    In textile wet processing, caustic soda is widely used in the pre-treatment stage, serving as the primary chemical for bleaching and mercerization processes. The conventional use of caustic soda leads to issues, such as high water consumption and wastewater pollution. Therefore, this study explores alternative chemicals that could replace caustic soda while minimizing environmental harm. The research was conducted on 100% cotton (CO) and cotton-polyester (CO-PES)-blended fabrics. The chemicals used in this study include caustic soda, gelatin, acetic acid, oxalic acid, and ethanol. For bleaching, oxalic acid was found to be the chemical that provided the best wettability in both fabric types. The use of sodium hydroxide gave the most effective results for high whiteness in both CO and CO-PES fabrics. When color retention was evaluated, the bleaching process using gelatin gave the closest result to the reference fabric in terms of color retention. Oxalic acid made the biggest difference in color retention. In conclusion, this study highlights the importance of using environmentally friendly alternatives in the textile industry and demonstrates the potential of chemicals that can replace caustic soda. The findings contribute to the adoption of sustainable practices in textile production and represent an important step in reducing environmental impact.