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Öğe Air monitoring of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in Bursa Türkiye: Levels, temporal trends and risk assessment(Elsevier B.V., 2024) Birgul, Askin; Kurt-Karakus, Perihan BinnurMonitoring concentration levels of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) is required to evaluate the effectiveness of international regulations to minimize the emissions of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) into the environment. In this manner, we evaluated the spatial and temporal variations of 22 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) using polyurethane foam passive air samplers at ten stations in Bursa in 2017 and 2018. The highest concentration value for ?22OCPs was detected in Ağaköy (775 pg/m3) and Demirtaş (678 pg/m3) sampling sites, while the lowest value was observed in Uludağ University Campus (UUC, 284 pg/m3) site. HCB, ?-HCH, Endo I, and Mirex were the most frequently detected OCPs, which shows their persistence. Diagnostic ratios of ??/(? + ?)-HCH have pointed to historical and possible illegal OCP usage in the study area. The seasonality of air concentrations (with spring and summer concentrations higher than winter and autumn concentrations) was well exhibited by ?-HCH, ?-HCH, ?-HCH, HCB, Endo I, and Mirex but not aldrin, dieldrin, and ?-chlordane (CC). Levels of OCPs detected in ambient air in the current study were relatively similar to or lower than those reported in previous studies conducted in Türkiye. Back trajectory analysis was applied to identify the possible sources of OCPs detected in the sampling regions. The Clausius-Clapeyron approach was used to investigate the temperature dependence of OCP gas-phase atmospheric concentrations. The data showed that long-range atmospheric transport affects ambient air OCP concentrations in the study area. © 2023 Elsevier B.V.Öğe Ambient air concentrations and risk assessment of selected organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) across five Middle Eastern countries(Oae Publishing Inc, 2022) Gevao, Bondi; Kurt-Karakus, Perihan Binnur; Birgul, Askin; Martinez-Guijarro, Karell; Sukhn, Carol; Krishnan, Divya; Orif, Mohamed. I.This paper presents data obtained from concurrently deployed polyurethane foam disk passive samplers in Kuwait, Turkey, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, and Oman between January and October 2018. The study's main goal was to initiate a passive air sampling network across the Middle East to generate comparable data, which will help report obligations of the various countries and be used in protocol discussions. The & sum;24OCP concentrations were highest in the samples collected from Kartaba in Lebanon (7780 pgm(-3)), and the lowest concentration was recorded at the BUTAL site in the Bursa province of Turkey (7.27 pgm(-3)). The mean ambient & sum;24OCP concentrations on a country-specific basis over consecutive sampling campaigns were: Lebanon (1680 pgm(-3)) > Bursa (Turkey) (78.7 pgm(-3)) > Oman (55 pgm(-3)) > Kuwait (42 pgm(-3)) > Jeddah, Saudi Arabia (19.1 pgm(-3)). The results show no cancer risk due to inhalation of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in ambient air. This study provides the first reliable measurements of the spatial variability in the atmospheric concentrations of OCPs across several Middle Eastern countries, providing a baseline for assessing time trends in air, one of the core matrices for the effectiveness evaluation of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants.Öğe Assessment of house dust trace elements and human exposure in Ankara, Turkey(Springer Heidelberg, 2023) Gul, Hatice Kubra; Gullu, Gulen; Babaei, Parisa; Nikravan, Afsoun; Kurt-Karakus, Perihan Binnur; Salihoglu, GurayOne of the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic is leading people remain at homes longer than ever. Considering the elongation of the time people spend indoors, the potential health risks caused by contaminants including heavy metals in indoor environments have become even more critical. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the levels and sources of heavy metals in indoor dust, to assess the exposure to heavy metals via indoor dust, and to estimate the associated health risk. The highest median value was measured for Zn (263 mu g g(-1)), while the lowest median concentration value was observed for Cd (0.348 mu g g(-1)). The levels of elements measured in the current study were found to be within the ranges reported in the other parts of the world, mostly close to the lower end of the range. House characteristics such as proximity to the main street, presence of pets, number of occupants, and age of the building were the house characteristics influencing the observed higher concentrations of certain heavy metals in houses. Enrichment factor values range between 1.79 (Cr) and 20.4 (Zn) with an average EF value of 8.80 +/- 6.80 representing that the targeted elements are enriched (EF>2) in indoor dust in Ankara. Positive matrix factorization results showed that the heavy metals in the house dust in the study area are mainly contributed from sources namely outdoor dust, carpets/furniture, solders, wall paint/coal combustion, and cigarette smoke. Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk values from heavy metals did not exceed the safe limits recommended by EPA. The highest carcinogenic risk level was caused by Cr. The risk through ingestion was higher than inhalation, and the risk levels were higher for children than for adults.Öğe Atmospheric aggravation potential of a wastewater treatment plant concerning organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, and polybrominated diphenyl ether emissions(Elsevier Ltd, 2025) Sanli, Busra; Gedik, Kadir; Birgul, Askin; Akcetin, Merve Ozkaleli; Kurt-Karakus, Perihan BinnurThe pollution potential of a municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Bursa, Türkiye, in terms of organochlorine pesticides (?22OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (?46PCBs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (?14PBDEs), was investigated in air samples. Concentrations were determined using polyurethane foam disk samplers at key processes, such as the aeration tank (AT) and settling chamber (SC) of the WWTP and the background area (BA) at an urban site. Atmospheric concentration levels of PBDEs at the SC are 1.3 times higher than at the AT site. PCBs concentration levels are listed as SC > BA > AT from high to low. The highest OCPs concentration levels were detected at the BA site while the lowest concentration levels were obtained for the SC site. Compared to organochlorine pollutants (PCBs and OCPs), PBDEs levels were higher by two orders of magnitude ranging from 0.2 to 54.3 ng/g. While the presence of OCPs was not significant, an unusual abundance of mirex was observed. HCB, HCHs (excluding ?-HCH), and p,p’-DDE resulting mainly from the settling tank indicate enhanced mass transfer from wastewater to air. Regarding PCBs, the level and detection frequency of dioxin-like PCBs (118, 123) in the aeration tank and the settling chamber were remarkable. The upper levels of PBDEs congeners 17, 85, 138, 153, and 154 resulting from the settling tank suggest an enhanced mass transfer from water to air as the source medium. Although the primary fate of trace organics in WWTPs is expected to be sorption to sludge, the present study has shown that WWTPs can be a non-negligible source of local atmospheric PCB and PBDE pollution. However, this study provides a snapshot of the levels of persistent organic pollutants and emissions, and there is no doubt that more detailed and long-term studies are needed. © 2024 Elsevier LtdÖğe BPA and its analogues in thermal papers: an assessment of presence and dermal exposure(Royal Soc Chemistry, 2025) Akcetin, Merve Ozkaleli; Gul, Hatice Kubra; Goren, Ismail Ethem; Daglioglu, Nebile; Kurt-Karakus, Perihan BinnurThermal papers are a significant source of exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) and other phenolic compounds (PCs), absorbed through the skin via dermal contact. This study analyzed thermal paper receipts from various commercial settings in T & uuml;rkiye to assess BPA and its structural analogs. For both deterministic and probabilistic risk assessments, the estimated daily intake (EDI), hazard quotient (HQ), and hazard index (HI) were calculated for the general population and workers exposed via dermal contact from handling thermal receipts. The results showed that BPA and bisphenol S (BPS) were the most frequently detected chemicals (detected in 99% and 100% of samples, respectively) with concentrations ranging from 1.98-1061 mu g per g paper and 0.070-210 mu g per g paper in thermal paper receipts in T & uuml;rkiye, respectively. The EDI of PCs based on the mean concentration determined in the samples for the general population ranged between 0.00000184 mu g per kg per day and 0.000445 mu g per kg per day, whereas it ranged between 0.0000919 mu g per kg per day and 0.022 mu g per kg per day for occupational exposure of workers. The EDI value based on the mean concentration detected in samples was 0.000445 mu g per kg per day and 0.00223 mu g per kg per day for the general population and occupational exposure, respectively. Exposure to BPS was lower, resulting in exposure values of 0.000039 mu g per kg per day and 0.002 mu g per kg per day for the general population and occupational exposure, respectively. Although these mean concentration based exposure levels are below the U.S. EPA reference dose (50 mu g per kg per day for BPA), they exceed the more stringent European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) total daily intake (TDI) limits set for BPA (0.0002 mu g per kg per day) in some cases, indicating potential health risks. The HQ and HI analyses further underscore the risks, particularly for workers, with HI values surpassing safe thresholds. The study calls for stricter regulations on BPA and its analogs in thermal papers due to the significant risks, even from BPA-free products that use BPS as a substitute.Öğe Characterization and distribution of brominated flame retardants in soils from informal E-waste recycling facilities: insights from Pakistan(Springer, 2025) Kazim, Mureed; Saqib, Zafeer; Syed, Jabir Hussain; Odabasi, Mustafa; Kurt-Karakus, Perihan BinnurE-waste, a global environmental concern, particularly affects developing nations due to the rise in informal recycling practices. This leads to contamination of environmental matrices, posing threats to both ecosystems and human health. To assess this issue, we monitored brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in 164 samples (soil) from 32 informal e-waste operational locations and 9 background locations across nine mega cities of Pakistan from September 2020 to December 2021. The mean concentrations (ng/g) of & sum;27PBDEs (polybrominated diphenyl ethers), & sum;2PBB (polybrominated biphenyls), HBB (hexabromobiphenyl), and & sum;HBCDD (hexabromocyclododecane) were 176 ( 0.76-11141), 31.0 (0.65-58.0), 1.39 (0.01-42.8), and 12.0 (0.22-461), respectively. These levels were significantly higher (6 to tenfold) than those at background sites. Karachi, Faisalabad, Gujranwala, and Lahore exhibited high levels of all BFRs. Notably, BDE-209 (mean = 45.5 ng/g) ranged (0.13-1152 ng/g) exhibited higher level in soil samples. Seasonally, total Sigma BFR concentrations (ng/g) ranked higher in winter (11,620), followed by spring (3874), autumn (3139), and summer (1207) indicating a seasonal impact of recycling activities. The average daily dose for soil ingestion (ng/kg/day) was estimated for BDE-209 (0.10973) in Faisalabad, followed by BDE-47 (0.08616) and BDE-99 (0.06788) in Karachi. Our findings showed that these values were lower than RfD values, suggesting no ingestion risk from studied BFRs. However, the growing prevalence of such informal e-waste recycling facilities could lead to increased exposure to toxic chemicals in near future.Öğe Contamination of Soil by Obsolete Pesticide Stockpiles: A Case Study of Derince Province, Turkey(Springer, 2024) Kurt-Karakus, Perihan Binnur; Odabaşı, Mustafa; Birgul, Askin; Yaman, Barış; Gunel, Ersan; Dumanoğlu, Yetkin; Jantunen, L. M.M.The areal distributions of the soil organochlorine pesticide (OCP) levels were investigated at adjacent and surrounding sites of the obsolete pesticide stockpile warehouse in Kocaeli, Türkiye. OCP levels in soil at neighboring sampling locations (positioned at 0.4 to 3 km from the stockpile) varied from 0.4 to 9 µg/kg and 4.2 to 2226 µg/kg (dry weight) for ?HCHs and ?DDXs, respectively. Levels at adjacent locations (positioned within 20 m from the stockpile) were considerably higher, varying from 74 to 39,619 µg/kg and 1592 to 30,419 µg/kg for ?HCHs and ?DDXs, respectively. Levels of OCPs dropped abruptly with the horizontal distance from the stockpile and had different transect profiles. The enantiomer fractions (EFs) near the stockpile range from 0.494 to 0.521, 0.454 to 0.515, and 0.483 to 0.533 for ?-HCH, o,p?-DDT, and o,p?-DDD, respectively. These near-racemic EFs suggested that observed soil OCP levels were mainly influenced by recent emissions from the stockpile. A comparison of OCP compositions observed in the soil at the present study with the technical HCHs and DDTs revealed that the material in the stockpile primarily contains byproducts that were discarded during DDT and Lindane production at the adjacent plant instead of their technical mixtures. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.Öğe Evaluation of the concentrations of current use pesticides (CUPs) in urban air and rainfall, and their wet deposition flux in a metropolitan environment(Elsevier B.V., 2025) Birgul, Askin; Yavuz-Guzel, Evsen; Da?lio?lu, Nebile; Taşdemir, Yücel; Cindoruk, Sabahattin Siddik; Kurt-Karakus, Perihan BinnurThis study assesses the wet deposition fluxes and washout ratios of current-use pesticides (CUPs) in Bursa, Turkey, to better understand their environmental impact. It investigates the temporal and spatial fluctuations of these compounds, particularly focusing on CUPs like benomyl, dichlorvos, dimethoate, imidacloprid, monochrotophos, and pymetrozine. The concentrations of CUPs in both ambient air and precipitation showed seasonal variations, with peaks in spring and summer due to increased agricultural activities. Precipitation concentrations of CUPs also varied, when the detection rates based on CUP congeners are analyzed, benomyl (70 %) and pymetrozine (66 %) are the most frequently detected congeners in the collected samples, particularly during the peak agricultural season. Wet deposition fluxes were highest in spring and summer, while dry deposition fluxes peaked in autumn and winter. Benomyl, dichlorvos, dimethoate, and imidacloprid were determined the most abundant CUP congeners in both phase (gas and particle phase). The dry deposition velocities ranged from 0.001 to 2.26 cm/s, and washout ratios varied between 1.35 × 10?4 and 1.18 × 10?6, depending on the CUP congeners. These findings underscore the need for ongoing monitoring, enhanced measurement techniques, and interdisciplinary collaboration to better understand CUP distribution and its environmental and health impacts, while developing effective management strategies. © 2025 Elsevier B.V.Öğe Formal E-waste facilities as a source of mercury to air and soil in Turkiye(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2025) Kurt-Karakus, Perihan Binnur; Akcetin, Merve Ozkaleli; Birgul, Askin; Kara, Melik; Dumanoglu, Yetkin; Yaman, Baris; Odabasi, MustafaSpatio-temporal variations of mercury concentrations in air and soil were measured near 20 formal e-waste recycling facilities and 8 background locations in 8 provinces in Turkiye between June 2021 and May 2022. Annual average Gaseous Elemental Mercury (GEM) concentrations in air at the studied formal e-waste facilities averaged 34 ng/m(3) (range from 2.2 to 273 ng/m(3)), exceeding by more than an order of magnitude average levels of 2.2 ng/m(3) (range from 1.6 to 2.6 ng/m(3)) at background sites. Total mercury concentration (THg) concentration in soils near formal e-waste processing facilities of 0.88 mg/kg dw (range from 0.17 and 12 mg/kg dw) similarly exceeded levels of 0.053 mg/kg dw (range from 0.01 to 0.11 mg/kg dw) in background soils. No clear seasonality in air or soil mercury concentrations were observed, possibly due to variations in the magnitude of recycling operations and in the type of consumer products being recycled in different seasons. Indices such as Enhancement Factor (EF) and Geoaccumulation Index (I-geo) used to define pollution degree/classification in studied areas. EF and I-geo values showed that 25 % and 5 % of air and soil samples taken near formal e-waste facilities, respectively, are very strongly polluted (EF and I-geo are > 3). Based on the overall mean I-geo index, 33.75 % of these soil samples are moderately to extremely contaminated (I-geo is greater than 1). Formal e-waste recycling facilities in Turkiye clearly are a source of mercury to the surrounding environment.Öğe Gaseous elemental mercury emissions from informal E-Waste recycling facilities in Pakistan(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2023) Kazim, Mureed; Syed, Jabir Hussain; Kurt-Karakus, Perihan Binnur; Akcetin, Merve Ozkaleli; Akram, Sumaira; Birgul, Askin; Wania, FrankDetrimental effects of mercury (Hg) on ecosystems and human health have been well-documented. Whereas emissions of gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) from e-waste recycling have been reported in developed countries, much less is known about the situation in the Global South. Using a total of 132 passive air samplers, seasonally resolved concentrations of GEM in air were measured continuously at 32 informal e-waste recycling facilities and background location in Pakistan for a period of one year between September 2020 and December 2021. Annual average GEM concentrations at the studied locations ranged from 1.8 to 92 ng m- 3. Among the studied cities, higher concentrations were measured in Karachi (mean +/- s.d: 17 +/- 22, range: 4.2-92 ng m-3), Lahore (16 +/- 4.2, 8.2-22 ng m-3) and Peshawar (15 +/- 17, 4.9-80 ng m-3), while lower levels were measured in Hyderabad (6.9 +/- 6.2, 3.1-25 ng m-3), consistent with a higher rate of informal recycling activities in metropolitan areas. Seasonally, higher GEM levels occurred during autumn (15 +/- 16: 3.3-92 ng m-3) and summer (13 +/- 8.7: 1.8-80 ng m-3) than in winter (12 +/- 8.4: 2.5-49 ng m-3) and spring (9.2 +/- 7.3: 1.8-80 ng m-3), possibly reflecting enhanced volatilization at higher temperatures and/or varying magnitude of recycling operations in different seasons. Policies and strict regulations related to e-waste management should be developed and implemented urgently in the country.Öğe Gaseous Elemental Mercury Emissons from Selected E-Waste Processing Facilities in Turkey(Mehmet Sinan Bilgili, 2022) Kurt-Karakus, Perihan Binnur; Odabasi, Mustafa; Akcetin, Merve Ozkaleli; Birgul, Askin; Kara, Melik; Dumanoglu, Yetkin; Wania, FrankThe amount of mercury contained in each unit of electrical and electronic waste (WEEE) is low (about 2-10 mg per equipment). However, it is estimated that all the mercury in the annually produced WEEE accounts for about 22% of the world mercury consumption. Facilities focusing on WEEE recycling have grown enormously in recent years and unfortunately some of this e-waste contains mercury or mercury compounds. The mercury may be released into the environment from consumer products during the recycling processes. Additionally, the recyclers themselves face the possibility of mercury exposure. Environmentally sound management of WEEE needs to involve the informal recycling industry which plays an important part in waste management. The global Minamata Convention on Mercury (Hg), created recently through the United Nations Environmental Programme, requires its signatories to perform improved atmospheric Hg monitoring and characterization of Hg sources. In this study, we evaluate the gaseous mercury emissions from selected licensed WEEE facilities to the atmosphere in different provinces of Turkey by employing a passive air sampling technique.Öğe Informal E-waste recycling in nine cities of Pakistan reveals significant impacts on local air and soil quality and associated health risks(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2024) Kazim, Mureed; Syed, Jabir Hussain; Saqib, Zafeer; Kurt-Karakus, Perihan Binnur; Iqbal, Mehreen; Nasir, Jawad; Odabasi, MustafaThe global increase in electronic waste (e-waste) has led to a rise in informal recycling, emitting hazardous heavy metals (HMs) that threaten human health and ecosystems. This study presents the first comprehensive assessment of HM levels in dry deposition and soils at proximity of forty (40) informal e-waste recycling sites across Pakistan, between September 2020 to December 2021. Findings reveal that Zn (1410), Pb (410) and Mn (231) exhibited the higher mean deposition fluxes (mu g/m2.day), derived from air samples, particularly in Karachi. Similarly, soils showed higher mean concentrations (mu g/g dw) of Mn (477), Cu (514) and Pb (172) in Faisalabad, Lahore, and Karachi, respectively. HMs concentrations were found higher in winter or autumn and lower in summer. In addition, HM levels were significantly (p = 0.05) higher at recycling sites compared to background sites year-round, highlighting the e-waste recycling operations as the major source of their emissions. The Igeo index indicated moderate to extremely contaminated levels of Cu, Pb, Cd, and Ni in Karachi, Lahore and Gujranwala. Ingestion was found as a leading human exposure route, followed by dermal and inhalation exposure, with Pb posing the greatest health risk. The Cumulative Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk (ILCR) model suggested moderate to low cancer risks for workers. Strategic interventions recommend mitigating health and environmental risks, prioritizing human health and ecosystem integrity in Pakistan's e-waste management.Öğe Investigation of the active composition of products traded in local street bazaars for pest control(Refik Saydam National Public Health Agency (RSNPHA) turkhijyen@rshm.gov.tr, 2016) Can-Güven, Emine; Çil, Ahmet; Oğuz, Banu; Tezcan, Deniz; Gedik, Kadir; Kurt-Karakus, Perihan BinnurObjective: In this study, it was aimed to determine qualitatively the substances in the composition of biocidal products and plant protection sold in public areas with reference to current use of prohibited pesticides detected in toxicological studies conducted in Antalya province. Methods: A total of 19 samples sold under the name of DDT, insecticide, termiticide were gathered from public markets, illegal suppliers and districts where agricultural activities take place in Antalya province. To identify ingredients of products, after 100 mg of each was weighed and dissolved in 10 ml methanol, it was diluted with isooctane, and tested to instrumental analysis on a Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (Shimadzu QP2010 Ultra). Chromatograms gathered from scan mode were matched with the content of Wiley/NIST which has a comprehensive pesticide library. Results: AAs a result of qualitative evaluation, it was observed that dichlorvos, aldicarb and cypermethrin as well as Dursban whose active ingredient is chlorpyrifosethyl in the samples. In addition to these active ingredients, inactive ingredients (extender) such as sebacic acid, mercaptane, propionic acid were detected at varying ratios in the samples. While chlorpyrifos-ethyl was mostly detected in 31.6% of the active content available, sebacic acid (47.4%) was mostly detected as extender ingredient as well. Conclusion: It has been observed that there are materials that are classified as carcinogenic by USEPA and may pose a threat to human health in the content of some of the products analyzed, or that the products which do not contain any active ingredient affecting incect pests have been used in commercial activities away from control and supervision. It is considered that the unconscious implementation of such products by persons with insufficient knowledge may constitute a serious risk in terms of both user and environment.Öğe Is there still "new" DDT in North America? An investigation using proportions of DDT compounds(American Chemical Society service@acs.org, 2013) Bidleman, T. F.; Kurt-Karakus, Perihan Binnur; Wong, Fiona; Alegria, Henry A.; Jantunen, L. M.M.; Hung, HayleyUsage of DDT ceased over four decades ago in Canada and the United States, and since 2000 in Mexico. Potential sources in the North American atmosphere today include emissions of legacy residues from soils and long-range transport from other countries where DDT is still used or recently banned. Distinction of source types is investigated here using proportions of p,p?-DDT, o,p?-DDT, p,p?-DDE and p,p?-DDD. The relative volatilization of DDT compounds can be accurately described by their subcooled liquid vapor pressures (PL); e.g., (p,p?-DDT/p,p?-DDE)AIR = (p,p?-DDT/p, p?-DDE)SOIL x PL, DDT/PL,DDE. Using this model, the expected proportions in air due to volatilization from technical DDT and from soils in Canada, the U.S.A. and Mexico were estimated and expressed as the fractions FDDTE = p,p?-DDT/(p,p?-DDT + p,p?-DDE), FDDTO = p,p?-DDT/(p, p?-DDT + o,p?-DDT), and FDDTD = p,p?-DDT/(p,p?-DDT + p,p?-DDD). FDDTE, FDDTO and FDDTD predicted from soil emissions were compared to compound fractions in ambient air sampled at the Integrated Atmospheric Deposition Network (IADN) of stations on the Great Lakes between Canada and the U.S.A., and at arctic monitoring stations. FDDTE in air at IADN stations on lakes Erie, Ontario, Michigan and Huron were lower than in technical DDT vapor. This is consistent with emissions of aged residues from agricultural land and urban centers near these lakes. By comparison, FDDTE values were higher at stations on Lake Superior where atmospheric DDT is likely due to long-range transport rather than regional soil emissions. FDDTE increased from the early 1990s to 2005 at the Lake Superior stations and at the Canadian arctic station Alert between 2002-2005, whereas a significant decline in FDDTE was observed at the Norwegian arctic station Zeppelin Mountain. The mean FDDTO in air at IADN stations were consistent with either soil emissions or technical DDT composition, but annual values showed significant downward trends at two Canadian stations, and also decreased with time at Zeppelin Mountain (but not at Alert). These trends might signify contribution from "dicofol-type" DDT sources, which have a lower FDDTO than technical DDT or soil emissions, or preferential degradation of p,p?-DDT vs. o,p?-DDT over time. FDDTD in air at IADN stations were lower than in technical DDT vapor, showing the influence of soil sources. The enantiomer proportions of the chiral compounds o,p?-DDT and o,p?-DDD were nonracemic in some soils and ambient air, but enantiospecific analysis has not been done for IADN air samples. It is suggested that isomer, parent/metabolite and enantiomer composition information be incorporated into air monitoring programs to help identify sources. © 2013 American Chemical Society.Öğe Phthalates in diapers: Assessment of dermal exposure of babies and environmental phthalate release(Elsevier Ltd, 2025) Gul, Hatice Kubra; Tanrikulu, Samiye; Akcetin, Merve Ozkaleli; Da?lio?lu, Nebile; Goren, Ismail Ethem; Kurt-Karakus, Perihan BinnurIn the current study the presence of selected phthalates in diapers used in Türkiye and release of phthalates through baby diapers into waste disposal sites were investigated. Targeted phthalates were analyzed in three different layers of a total of 39 diaper samples sold in the Turkish market. Butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), Diethyl phthalate (DEP) and Di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) were detected in all three layers of diapers. Based on the results obtained, diaper-originated dermal exposure of babies (0–2.5 years) to phthalates and environmental phthalate loading amounts due to disposal of diapers were calculated. Deterministic and probabilistic risk assessment showed that MOE and MOEtotal values were higher than 1000, indicating that exposure to the phthalates detected in these diapers did not pose a risk for babies. Additionally, the amount of phthalates loading due to the disposal of diapers to the environment ranges from 13.0 to 407 kg year?1 depending on the diaper brand. Based on the estimated number of newborns and infants, the highest phthalate release was estimated to be in Istanbul province (71.6 kg year?1), while, the lowest phthalate release was estimated to be in Tunceli province (0.011 kg year?1). © 2025 Elsevier LtdÖğe Spatial variability in the ambient concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans across the Middle East(Turkish Natl Committee Air Pollution Res & Control-Tuncap, 2022) Gevao, Bondi; Martinez-Guijarro, Karell; Kurt-Karakus, Perihan Binnur; Sukhn, Carol; Weber, Roland; Krishnan, Divya; Orif, Mohamed I.Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/F) were monitored at 12 sites across four countries (Kuwait, Turkey, Lebanon and, Oman) using validated passive air samplers between January 2018 and December 2018 in an attempt to set up a monitoring network for persistent organic pollutants (POPs) across the Middle East. The highest concentrations of sigma PCDD/F were detected in Oman reflecting the proximity of the site to a steel melting company at Al-Rassil Industrial area (557 fg I-TEQ m-3) and a hospital waste incinerator at Al-Multaga (489 fg I-TEQ m-3). Elevated levels were also measured at all monitoring sites across Kuwait with average concentrations ranging from-150 fg I-TEQ m- 3 at the Shuwaikh site to-250 fg I-TEQ m- 3 at the Salmiya and Abdali sites. Levels of sigma PCDD/F at all other stations in the region were generally lower than 35 fg I-TEQ m- 3. The levels of 1,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDF were frequently a factor of two higher compared to 1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDF suggesting that an additional source exists which involves the use of elemental chlorine. This study has provided the first reliable measurements of the atmospheric concentrations of PCDD/F in the Middle East providing a baseline for assessing time trends in PCDD/F in the air, one of the core matrices for the effectiveness evaluation under the Stockholm Convention on POPs.Öğe Stockholm Convention Flame Retardant Emissons from Selected E-Waste Processing Facilities in Turkey(Mehmet Sinan Bilgili, 2022) Odabasi, Mustafa; Kurt-Karakus, Perihan Binnur; Birgul, Askin; Dumanoglu, Yetkin; Kara, Melik; Akcetin, Merve Ozkaleli; Syed, JabirE-waste processing facilities are hot spots for several chemicals to the environment including flame retardants. The current study investigates certain brominated flame retardants (FRs) emissions to air from selected waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) processing facilities in Turkey by employing passive air sampling technique. As WEEE has been recognized as a potential source of contaminants including flame retardants to the environment, severe environmental pollution and human health problems may arise from these sites if such wastes are not recycled properly. Researches conducted in other parts of the world reported extremely high concentrations of PBDEs in soil, dust, air and biological samples collected nearby WEEE processing facilities. As a signatory to the Stockholm Convention, which is an international agreement to protect human and environmental health from the adverse effects of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) including certain brominated flame retardants, Turkey is obliged to perform improved monitoring and characterization of POPs sources to the environment. As the turnover of WEEE in waste management facilities has grown rapidly in recent years, we think such facilities may act as hot spots of FRs emissions to air. To the authors' best knowledge, the current study aiming to determine the emissions of selected organic brominated FRs to the air from licensed WEEE processing facilities is the first study in Turkey to investigate such an environmental pollution status.
