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    Bound by barriers: demystifying the constraints on an elevated Kuwait-Turkiye co-operation in the defence realm
    (Routledge Journals, Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2025) Bakir, Ali; Koc, Engin
    In the past decade, several Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) states have diversified their defence partnerships and intensified local defence-industry initiatives, increasingly considering T & uuml;rkiye as a viable option. However, Kuwait's position differs from that of its Gulf counterparts in three key ways. First, Kuwait is less inclined to enhance its security and defence ties with T & uuml;rkiye compared to the UAE, Qatar, and Saudi Arabia. Second, unlike these nations, Kuwait shows little interest in developing a domestic defence industry. Third, although there have been recent positive developments in Kuwaiti-Turkish defence relations, these ties remain limited compared to the robust political and economic connections between the two countries and the extensive defence relationships other GCC states have cultivated with T & uuml;rkiye. To address the question of why, our paper draws on small state theories, utilizing a mixed-methods approach that includes interviews and communications with officials and experts, as well as analysis of primary sources.
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    Factors Facilitating and Limiting Iran-China Relations in International Politics
    (Ilem, 2025) Koc, Engin; Cetin, Ibrahim
    Iran has been subject to U.S. sanctions since the revolution. These sanctions have weakened and rendered its economy fragile. Furthermore, Iran requires substantial financing for its energy sector and infrastructure. Historically, Russia has posed a threat to Iran, and Moscow has at times disregarded Iranian interests in pursuit of closer ties with the United States. This has positioned China as an important ally for Iran. In recent years, relations between Iran and China, the two major powers of Eurasia, which were initially cold in the revolution's early years, have evolved into a comprehensive strategic partnership. This study examines how and why Iran-China relations have developed within a neorealist framework since the Iranian Islamic Revolution. Additionally, this study seeks to identify the factors that facilitate and constrain relations between Iran (the Islamic Republic of Iran) and China (the People's Republic of China). Neorealism evaluates states' foreign policies regarding security, power, balance of power, national interests, and alliances. The study finds that Iran-China relations continue to develop based on security concerns, strategic objectives, power balance, and economic interests. The key factors facilitating the relationship between the two countries include shared strategic objectives, security concerns, efforts to balance power, and economic ties. Under the Belt and Road Initiative, China provides Iran with political, economic, military, and financial support, while Iran contributes to China's energy security and, consequently, its economic development through its vast oil and natural gas reserves. Meanwhile, international sanctions imposed on Iran, regional rivalries, the potential deterioration of both countries' relations with the United States, and reactions from Iranian public opinion emerge as limiting factors in their bilateral relations. By testing neorealism in the context of Iran-China relations, this article aims to contribute to the literature by analyzing the development of these relations and offering insights into their future trajectory.