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Öğe Comparative Analysis of Gini Coefficient, GDP, Energy Consumption, and Transportation Modes on CO2 Using NARDL (Nonlinear Distributed Lag Autoregressive Model) for the USA(Mdpi, 2024) Artekin, Ayse ozge; Kalayci, SalihThe significance of the transportation sector, notably in terms of the carbon emission factor, is an undeniable fact. Along with this fact, individuals' transportation preferences depend on their income levels. In this context, when the issue is considered, the income level in the USA pushes people toward cheap air travel. The main reason for this is that it is cheap, accessible, and transports one to their destinations quickly. Thus, from the perspective of road transportation, bus transportation is popular among the public. The reason why both air and road transportation modes are empirically evaluated together through income distribution is due to the preference of the US people. In this context, the effectiveness of active transportation on both air and highways in the USA from 1975 to 2023 is investigated by taking into consideration the income distribution. Empirical findings obtained through the FMOLS, DOLS, CCR, and NARDL models demonstrate that all independent variables, including GDP, energy use, air transportation, and the Gini coefficient, affect carbon dioxide emissions. In addition, wavelet analysis is performed to comprehend the form of and fluctuations in the series, which are vital to monitoring the periodical changes.Öğe Examining the Nexus among Migration and Poverty in Terms of Economic Development: An Empirical Investigation from Middle East Countries within The Perspective of International Relations(2023) Güdül, Serpil; Kalayci, SalihThe major goal of this study is to ascertain the relationship between migration, poverty and economic development for Middle East countries by performing FMOLS, DOLS, CCR and Multivariate Regression Analyses (MRA) from 1985 to 2018. In this context, according to the results of FMOLS, DOLS, CCR analyses there is a long-term relationship between poverty and economic development, and there is no empirical relationship between economic development and migration. Furthermore, the MRA analysis demonstrates that poverty influences the economic development negatively, but migration does not affect the dependent variable. The results of all analyzes are consistent with each other as empirically. As a result of these findings, some recommendations are given to the policy makers and officials of the Middle East countries from the perspective of international relations in order to minimize migration and poverty problems. In summary, considering these recommendations international migration involves the characteristics of migrant labor, brain drains and human capital imports for Middle East countries. With well-managed migration policies, the migrant workforce is a driving force in the sustainable development and inclusive growth of countries. Otherwise, inconsistent migration policies which are far from an appropriate migration governance strategy cause sustainable development goals to turn into unsustainable goals.Öğe Examining the Relationship between Inflation Instability and Ecological Footprint: Evidence from Turkey(Econjournals, 2024) Bese, Emrah; Friday, Haven Swint; Kalayci, SalihSustainability is a preeminent global issue. This study delves into sustainability with an examination of the effect of inflation instability on ecological footprint per capita through financial development, economic growth, and energy consumption by using the ARDL model for Turkey for the period 1980 through 2015. The results of this study confirmed that financial development and inflation instability improve the environment insignificantly while economic growth does not significantly damage the environment. In addition, energy consumption is found to cause environmental degradation. Results of this study show that the main issue for Turkey is consumption rather than production. Suggested policy-making implications are provided in the conclusion. © 2024, Econjournals. All rights reserved.Öğe Küresel Bağlamda Ticaret Liberalizasyonunun Yüksek Katma Değerli Ürünlerin İhracatına Etkisi: Türkiye Örneği(2020) Kalayci, SalihTicari açıklık kavramı, ülkeler arasındaki ticareti kısıtlayan veya büyüten bir ekonomik politikaölçüsüdür. Ticaret liberalizasyonu ya da diğer tabiriyle serbestleştirilmesi, ülkeler arasında malların serbestalışverişinde kısıtlamaların veya engellerin kaldırılması veya azaltılmasıdır. Bu engeller, vergiler ve ekücretler gibi tarifeleri ve lisans kuralları ve kotalar gibi tarife dışı engelleri içerir. Ödemeler dengesindeki carihesaplar dikkate alındığında en ana parametresi (x-m) olarak formüle edilen ihracat ithalat farkından oluşancari açık ya da cari fazladır. Makro bağlamda bakıldığında, ticarette liberalizasyonlaşma süreci ileuluslararası ticaretin en başlıca konusu olan ihracat hacmi arasındaki korelasyon katsayısı ise akademikliteratürde temel araştırma konularından birisi olmuştur. Heschker Ohlin teorisinin sermaye yoğun sektörlerive ürünleri ele alındığında uluslararası ticaret’in en önemli gelir kalemleri olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır.Dolayısıyla, ticaret liberalizasyonu ile birlikte Türkiye’nin yüksek katma değerli üretiminin dış ticaretbağlamındaki pozitif eğilimde olan fleksibilite katsayısı GMM metodu ile birlikte hesaplanmıştır. Yüksekkatma değerli ürünler (Makinalar, mekanik cihazlar ve aletler, nükleer reaktörler, bunların aksam veparçaları) 1990-2019 dönemine ait senelik veriler şeklinde TÜİK veri tabanından alınmıştır. Ticari açıklık iseticaret liberalizasyonun en önemli indikatörlerinden biridir. Bu kapsamda, elde edilen bulgular göstermiştir kiticari açıklık katsayısı arttıkça yüksek katma değerli ürün ihracatı da olumlu yönde etkilenmiştir. Bu bilgilerışığında, politika yapıcıların çok taraflı ticaret serbestleştirme politikalarından elde edilecek kazanımlara dairplan geliştirmeli ve yüksek katma değerli üretimde verim artışını sağlayarak yerel piyasanın güçlenmesi içinçalışmalıdırlar.Öğe The impact of energy sources on carbon dioxide emissions in Sweden: ARDL bounds test analysis(Elsevier B.V., 2025) Artekin, Ayse Ozge; Kalayci, SalihThe increasing population and the environmental problems caused by this population have caused the demand for energy resources to increase rapidly, and this has become one of the most critical issues for many countries today In this context, the number of countries aiming to become 'carbon neutral' by creating climate policies and making emission commitments in meeting energy demand is increasing rapidly. The aim of this study is to determine the impact of selected energy sources on CO2 and the connection between these variables using the ARDL Bounds Test Approach and the Toda-Yamamoto technique between 1990 and 2022 for Sweden, which is known for its goal of being carbon neutral in the near term. Given the results, the findings indicate that hydroelectric energy, oil and renewable energy variables have a long-term and substantial impact on carbon dioxide emissions. A 1% elevates in hydroelectric energy and oil variables led to an increase in carbon dioxide emissions of 0.55% and 0.04%, respectively. In addition, a 1% increase in renewable energy variable decreases carbon dioxide emissions by 0.73%. Furthermore, a unidirectional causality from hydroelectric energy to CO2, coal and natural gas, and a unidirectional linkage from CO2 and renewable energy to natural gas are observation in the study. A bidirectional relationship from oil to natural gas and a unidirectional relationship from natural gas to coal are found. Based on these findings, renewable energy should be encouraged and fossil fuel use should be reduced for environmental sustainability. Also, for the efficiency of hydroelectric energy, natural resources should be preserved. © 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.Öğe The Linkage between Truck Transport, Trade Openness, Economic Growth, and CO2 Emissions within the Scope of Green Deal Action Plan: An Empirical Investigation from Turkiye(Hard, 2024) Kalayci, Salih; Artekin, Ayse OzgeThis study aims to investigate the transportation literature through questions with both the methods used and the econometric findings obtained by several analyses. In this context, CO2, GDP, freight transport (truck transport) and trade openness are considered as variables by performing multivariate regression, Johansen, Phillips-Ouliaris, Engle- Granger co-integration, FMOLS, DOLS, CCR and ARDL tests. According to results of econometric analysis truck transport, trade openness, economic growth caused environmental degradation and there is a stable long-run relationship among variables. All econometric models clearly confirm each other as empirically. The priority area in transportation is the reduction of emissions in road transportation, which has the largest share in greenhouse gas emissions. The steps to be taken at the global level in this field will accelerate the spread of hybrid and electric vehicles all over the world. The market share of electric vehicles is increasing day by day with the widespread use of electric vehicle technologies in recent years and many countries in the world turning to this new technology. With the interest in electric vehicles, it is observed that battery systems compatible with vehicles, engine systems, especially charging station systems have been developed, thus new market areas have emerged. Establishing the necessary infrastructure to achieve this transition is of great importance, and for this purpose, strategy development and planning activities for the development of electric vehicle and charging infrastructure should be aimed to be carried out to reduce carbon emissions. It is seen that there is also a feedback effect between the trade openness and CO2 emissions. Trade openness also affects economic growth by encouraging industrialization. Economic growth will also lead to an increase in energy demand. Similarly, insufficient energy supply will hinder economic growth by affecting exports and imports, and as a result, energy consumption will decrease. In this way, the Green Deal Action Plan will be a roadmap that is compatible with the transformation policies taking place in the world economy, especially in the EU, that encourages green investments, contributes to the transformation of global value chains, and thus supports value-added production. Thus, the green deal action plan can achieve the stated objectives.Öğe Towards sustainable growth: The role of trade openness and urbanization in Türkiye's energy-driven environmental challenges(Sage Publications Ltd, 2025) Artekin, Ayse Ozge; Kalayci, SalihThis manuscript investigates the interplay between energy dynamics, economic growth, and environmental sustainability, offering a comprehensive analysis of T & uuml;rkiye's long-term ecological and economic trends. In this sense, the research elaborates the long-run linkage among natural gas import, energy usage, economic growth, trade openness, urbanization and ecological footprint (EF) by implementing the Johansen cointegration test, fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) analysis, nonlinear distributed lag autoregressive model (NARDL) model, and wavelet analyses from 1980 to 2022 for T & uuml;rkiye. Furthermore, when the contributions and novelties of this paper to the existing academic literature are considered, time series models comprehending the Johansen cointegration test, FMOLS analysis, and NARDL model point out the long-run relationship between natural gas import, economic growth, and EF, which is confirming the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis for T & uuml;rkiye in short term. Considering the coefficients of the FMOLS model, 1% increases in gross domestic product increases EF by 0.1972% and a 1% increase in natural gas import increases EF by 0.0369% as negatively. In addition, according to FMOLS test, it should be stated that a 1% increase in energy use increases EF by 0.7600%. When all remaining independent variables are examined deeply and thoroughly, there is a long-term positive effect between them. Empirical findings reveal that natural gas imports (p = .0428) and energy consumption (p < .0001) are major contributors to ecological degradation. Conversely, urbanization (p = .3999) demonstrates potential for mitigating environmental pressure in the long term. The study highlights the need for transitioning to renewable energy, enhancing energy efficiency, and adopting sustainable urban development practices. These findings emphasize the importance of aligning economic growth with ecological sustainability through targeted policy interventions. Unlike previous studies that predominantly concentrate on renewable energy with CO2 emissions, this paper dissimilarly highlights the overlooked environmental effects of natural gas imports. These insights not only expand the understanding of Turkiye's energy and environmental dynamics but also challenge the common perception of natural gas as an eco-friendly energy source. To sum up, the research includes empirical results which patronizes the necessity for a transition to renewable resources and cleaner technologies to mitigate environmental costs.Öğe TÜRKİYE’DE GIDA İHRACATI, GIDA FİYATLARI VE ENFLASYON ARASINDAKİ NEDENSELLİĞİN ANALİZİ(2019) Barbaros, Mutlu; Kalayci, Salih; Bakır, DemetEnflasyon ekonomik hayatta tüm karar alıcıları yakından ilgilendiren bir durumdur. Yüksek enflasyon sabit gelirlinin alım gücünün düşmesine, üreticinin maliyetinin artmasına ve ekonomik aktivitenin yavaşlamasına neden olmaktadır. İhracat ise bir ülkede üretilen mal ve hizmetlerin diğer ülkelere satılması ve ülkeye döviz geliri sağlanmasıdır. Bu sayede ihracat gerçekleştiren ülke ekonomik büyümeyi sağlayacak, yatırımları için gereken döviz girdisini sağlayacak ve zenginleşecektir. Türkiye?de ekonomisini büyütmek ve döviz girdisini artırmak için ihracatını artırmıştır. Çalışmada kullanılan veriler 2003:2-2018:11 dönemini (190 gözlem) kapsamaktadır. Seriler, gıda ihracatı (GIDAEXP), gıda fiyatları endeksi (GIDATÜFE) ve tüketici fiyat endeksidir (TÜFE). Veriler TÜİK?ten temin edilmiştir. Çalışmada öncelikle serilere Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) birim kök testi uygulanmıştır. Birim kök sorunu içeren seriler farkı alınarak durağanlaştırılmış ve durağan haldeki seriler kullanılarak VAR model kurulmuştur. Kurulan VAR modelde serilere Granger Nedensellik Testi uygulanmıştır. Son olarak oluşturulan VAR modelde GIDATÜFE ile TÜFE?nin gıda ihracatındaki şoklara nasıl tepki verdiğinin ölçülmesi için Etki-Tepki Analizi yapılmıştır. Yapılan bu analizler sonucunda gıda ihracatı ile gıda fiyatlarını arasında, gıda fiyatları ile enflasyon arasında nedensellik olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır.Öğe Türkiye’de Sıcak Para Girişleri ve Cari Açık Arasındaki İlişki(2020) Barbaros, Mutlu; Kalayci, Salih; Bakır, Demet1980 yılında dış ticaretini liberal hale getiren Türkiye, 1989 yılında da sermaye hareketlerindekikısıtlamaları kaldırmış ve ekonomik olarak liberal bir yapıya geçmiştir. Bu serbestleşme ile birlikteözellikle 2000 yılından sonra Türkiye’ye yabancı sermaye girişleri artış göstermiştir. Sermayegirişlerindeki bu artışla beraber, Türkiye’de cari açığın da arttığı görülmüştür. Bu çalışmada 1998Q1-2019Q2 dönemini kapsayan veriler ile Türkiye’deki sıcak para girişlerinin cari açık ile ilişkisiincelenmiştir. Yapılan incelemede sıcak para girişlerinin cari açığa neden olduğu ve sıcak paragirişlerindeki %10’luk artışın cari açığı %3,47 artırdığı tespit edilmiştir.
