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    A Hazard Index of Microplastics Contamination in Commercial Marine Fish Species and Mussels in the Southern Marmara Sea, Turkey
    (Wiley, 2025) Hacisalihoglu, Saadet
    Microplastic (MP) pollution is an increasing concern in marine ecosystems due to the risk it poses to marine organisms and human health. This study aims to investigate the type, abundance, and properties of MPs in five commercially important fish species (Engraulis encrasicolus, Trachurus trachurus, Sardina pilchardus, Sarda sarda, and Dicentrarchus labrax) and Mediterranean mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis). In the study, samples were collected from five different regions in the Southern Marmara Sea of Turkey. In addition, the polymer composition of MPs identified in the study was determined and evaluated according to the associated hazard index to determine the potential risks to marine life and human consumers. A total of 1734 MPs were identified in the gastrointestinal tracts (GITs) of fish samples (n = 660), while 650 MPs were identified in mussel samples (n = 50). The analyses revealed that there was significant interspecific and spatial variability in MP abundance, size, shape, and color. The most common MPs are those smaller than 0.3 mm in diameter. These are predominantly in the form of lines and beads in all species. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was used to identify the types of polymers present. The types of polymers identified in the study were polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), and ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA). The most common polymers were PE and PP, which showed hazard indices classified as hazard and high risk, respectively. The study identifies potential health risks associated with MPs, particularly in marine organisms, including apex predators such as D. labrax and filter feeders such as mussels. These findings highlight the need for effective waste management strategies, stricter regulations, and increased public awareness to reduce pollution of marine environments with plastic.
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    Heavy Metal Accumulation and Human Health Risk in Mediterranean Mussels from the Southern Marmara Sea, Türkiye
    (Mdpi, 2025) Hacisalihoglu, Saadet
    This study evaluated the accumulation of heavy metals (As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, and Zn) in Mediterranean mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) collected from five coastal stations (K & uuml;& ccedil;& uuml;kkumla, Kur & scedil;unlu, G & uuml;zelyal & imath;, Mudanya, and Zeytinba & gbreve;& imath;; n = 20 mussels per station; composited into one sample per site) along the southern coast of the Marmara Sea (Bursa, T & uuml;rkiye), and assessed the associated potential health risks. Analyses using ICP-OES revealed spatial variations in metal concentrations among stations. Statistical analyses (p < 0.05) showed no significant differences in As levels, whereas Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, and Zn concentrations differed significantly. Mudanya exhibited the highest levels of Zn and Hg, while Cd was particularly elevated in Mudanya and G & uuml;zelyal & imath;. Kur & scedil;unlu showed the highest Cu concentrations, and K & uuml;& ccedil;& uuml;kkumla had the highest Pb levels. Human health risk assessments for the adult population (EDI, EWI, THQ, HI) were all below 1.0, indicating no appreciable non-carcinogenic risk under the assumed adult dietary exposure scenario, based on internationally recognized toxicological reference values (FAO/WHO, JECFA, and EC Regulation 1881/2006). However, relatively higher HI values in Mudanya (0.695) and K & uuml;& ccedil;& uuml;kkumla (0.646) suggest the need for closer monitoring. Overall, the findings demonstrate that mussels serve as effective bioindicators of coastal metal contamination in the southern Marmara Sea and underscore the importance of continuous biomonitoring to safeguard both ecosystem and public health.