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Öğe Assessment of house dust trace elements and human exposure in Ankara, Turkey(Springer Heidelberg, 2023) Gul, Hatice Kubra; Gullu, Gulen; Babaei, Parisa; Nikravan, Afsoun; Kurt-Karakus, Perihan Binnur; Salihoglu, GurayOne of the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic is leading people remain at homes longer than ever. Considering the elongation of the time people spend indoors, the potential health risks caused by contaminants including heavy metals in indoor environments have become even more critical. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the levels and sources of heavy metals in indoor dust, to assess the exposure to heavy metals via indoor dust, and to estimate the associated health risk. The highest median value was measured for Zn (263 mu g g(-1)), while the lowest median concentration value was observed for Cd (0.348 mu g g(-1)). The levels of elements measured in the current study were found to be within the ranges reported in the other parts of the world, mostly close to the lower end of the range. House characteristics such as proximity to the main street, presence of pets, number of occupants, and age of the building were the house characteristics influencing the observed higher concentrations of certain heavy metals in houses. Enrichment factor values range between 1.79 (Cr) and 20.4 (Zn) with an average EF value of 8.80 +/- 6.80 representing that the targeted elements are enriched (EF>2) in indoor dust in Ankara. Positive matrix factorization results showed that the heavy metals in the house dust in the study area are mainly contributed from sources namely outdoor dust, carpets/furniture, solders, wall paint/coal combustion, and cigarette smoke. Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk values from heavy metals did not exceed the safe limits recommended by EPA. The highest carcinogenic risk level was caused by Cr. The risk through ingestion was higher than inhalation, and the risk levels were higher for children than for adults.Öğe BPA and its analogues in thermal papers: an assessment of presence and dermal exposure(Royal Soc Chemistry, 2025) Akcetin, Merve Ozkaleli; Gul, Hatice Kubra; Goren, Ismail Ethem; Daglioglu, Nebile; Kurt-Karakus, Perihan BinnurThermal papers are a significant source of exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) and other phenolic compounds (PCs), absorbed through the skin via dermal contact. This study analyzed thermal paper receipts from various commercial settings in T & uuml;rkiye to assess BPA and its structural analogs. For both deterministic and probabilistic risk assessments, the estimated daily intake (EDI), hazard quotient (HQ), and hazard index (HI) were calculated for the general population and workers exposed via dermal contact from handling thermal receipts. The results showed that BPA and bisphenol S (BPS) were the most frequently detected chemicals (detected in 99% and 100% of samples, respectively) with concentrations ranging from 1.98-1061 mu g per g paper and 0.070-210 mu g per g paper in thermal paper receipts in T & uuml;rkiye, respectively. The EDI of PCs based on the mean concentration determined in the samples for the general population ranged between 0.00000184 mu g per kg per day and 0.000445 mu g per kg per day, whereas it ranged between 0.0000919 mu g per kg per day and 0.022 mu g per kg per day for occupational exposure of workers. The EDI value based on the mean concentration detected in samples was 0.000445 mu g per kg per day and 0.00223 mu g per kg per day for the general population and occupational exposure, respectively. Exposure to BPS was lower, resulting in exposure values of 0.000039 mu g per kg per day and 0.002 mu g per kg per day for the general population and occupational exposure, respectively. Although these mean concentration based exposure levels are below the U.S. EPA reference dose (50 mu g per kg per day for BPA), they exceed the more stringent European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) total daily intake (TDI) limits set for BPA (0.0002 mu g per kg per day) in some cases, indicating potential health risks. The HQ and HI analyses further underscore the risks, particularly for workers, with HI values surpassing safe thresholds. The study calls for stricter regulations on BPA and its analogs in thermal papers due to the significant risks, even from BPA-free products that use BPS as a substitute.Öğe First insight into polybrominated diphenyl ethers in car dust in Turkey: concentrations and human exposure implications(Springer Heidelberg, 2020) Akcetin, Merve Ozkaleli; Gedik, Kadir; Balci, Selcuk; Gul, Hatice Kubra; Birgül, Aşkın; Kurt Karakuş, Perihan BinnurThe presence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the car is due to their use as a flame retardant additive in various car components such as dashboard, plastic parts, seat and headliner cushion foams, insulated cables, and electronic circuits. Ingestion of dust inadvertently or dermal contact to dust are significant pathways of human exposure to pollutants including PBDEs. There are no studies documenting presence of car dust associated flame retardants in Turkey. In the current study, a total of 13 PBDEs congeners were investigated in 62 car dust samples collected from Bursa province of Turkey using glass-fiber filters and a vacuum cleaner. Results of the study showed that congener concentrations were within the range ofÖğe Levels, distribution, sources and human exposure pathways of alkylphenol and alkylphenol ethoxylates in indoor dust in Turkiye(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2024) Babaei, Parisa; Madan, Efsun Nikravan; Gullu, Gulen; Goren, Ismail Ethem; Gul, Hatice Kubra; Daglioglu, Nebile; Karakus, Perihan Binnur KurtEnvironmental phenolic chemicals, due to their widespread occurrence and potent estrogenic properties, pose a risk to human exposure. The phenolic organic contaminants alkylphenols (APs) and alkylphenol polyethoxylates (APEs) are used in various household applications, and they may enter to the environment during production and use, potentially appearing in indoor dust. However, little is known about the levels of environmental phenolics in indoor environments. In this study, five of these compounds namely octylphenol (OP), 4-Octylphenol Monoethoxylate (4-OPME), 4-tert-octylphenol (4-t-OP), 4-n-nonylphenol (4-n-NP) and nonylphenol diethoxylate (diNPE) were analyzed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in household dust samples (n = 148) collected from Ankara, the capital of Turkiye. OP and 4-OPME was not present in any of the analyzed samples. The median concentrations of the 148 settling dust samples were 35, 520, and 1910 ng g-1 dust for 4-t-OP, 4-n-NP, and di-NPE, respectively. An assessment of the human (children and adults) exposure pathway to APs and APEs, which are recognized as endocrine-disrupting chemicals found in residential dust, revealed that it was approximately 3 times higher for children than for adults at both moderate and heavy exposure levels. The association between chemical exposure, house characteristics, and family lifestyle was investigated using a multivariate logistic regression model. According to the results of this model, while the high concentrations measured for 4-t-OP were not found to be associated with any of the household parameters, high levels of 4-n-NP and di-NPE were associated with the frequency of house cleaning, repairs made during the previous year, residential type, the number of occupants, flooring materials, and the purchase of new household items within the past year. This study provides a basis for prioritizing toxicology and exposure studies for EDCs and mixtures and may offer new tools for exposure assessment in health studies.Öğe Phthalates in diapers: Assessment of dermal exposure of babies and environmental phthalate release(Elsevier Ltd, 2025) Gul, Hatice Kubra; Tanrikulu, Samiye; Akcetin, Merve Ozkaleli; Da?lio?lu, Nebile; Goren, Ismail Ethem; Kurt-Karakus, Perihan BinnurIn the current study the presence of selected phthalates in diapers used in Türkiye and release of phthalates through baby diapers into waste disposal sites were investigated. Targeted phthalates were analyzed in three different layers of a total of 39 diaper samples sold in the Turkish market. Butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), Diethyl phthalate (DEP) and Di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) were detected in all three layers of diapers. Based on the results obtained, diaper-originated dermal exposure of babies (0–2.5 years) to phthalates and environmental phthalate loading amounts due to disposal of diapers were calculated. Deterministic and probabilistic risk assessment showed that MOE and MOEtotal values were higher than 1000, indicating that exposure to the phthalates detected in these diapers did not pose a risk for babies. Additionally, the amount of phthalates loading due to the disposal of diapers to the environment ranges from 13.0 to 407 kg year?1 depending on the diaper brand. Based on the estimated number of newborns and infants, the highest phthalate release was estimated to be in Istanbul province (71.6 kg year?1), while, the lowest phthalate release was estimated to be in Tunceli province (0.011 kg year?1). © 2025 Elsevier LtdÖğe Phthalates in PET Bottles: Assessment of Human Exposure and Load to Landfills(Mehmet Sinan Bilgili, 2022) Gul, Hatice Kubra; Salihoglu, Guray; Goren, Ismail Ethem; Daglioglu, Nebile; Kurt-Karakus, PerihanPolyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles have become an integral part of the packaged water industry, but their release of phthalate acid esters (PAEs) is a threat to human health and to the environment. The omnipresence of phthalates in the environmental compartments results in human exposure via multiple pathways such as dermal, oral and inhalation for prolonged periods. This study aims to investigate the phthalate presence in PET bottles and to assess the health risk of people working in landfills/recycling facilities being exposed to these pollutants through dermal contact. MBP(1604 ng g(-1)) was the most abundant compound detected in PET bottle samples, followed by MEP (1056 ng g(-1)), DEP (413 ng g(-1)), MiPP (216 ng g(-1)), DnBP (189 ng g(-1)), BBP (23.2 ng g(-1)), MDHP (19.5 ng g(-1)), DMiP (16.8 ng g(-1)) and respectively. It is calculated that a total of 200.4, 131.96, 51.66, 23.66, 26.94, 2.443, 2.099 and 2.895 kg of MBP, MEP, DEP, DnBP, MiPP, MDHP, DMiP and BBP, respectively are disposed to the landfills/waste disposal sites through waste PET bottles. Mean concentration based dermal exposure estimated daily intake (EDI), target hazard quotient (THQ) and hazard index (HI) values were calculated. THQ values were determined as 0.007, 0.031, 0.113 for BBP, DEP and DnBP, respectively while HI (<1) indicated that the health risk was acceptable for all subjects. However, it is strongly recommended that regular monitoring of phthalates in PET on market shelves should be done to protect the health of consumers as well as to reduce pthalates loads to the environmental compartments.Öğe Using hair as a non-invasive matrix to assess the exposure of e-waste workers to selected heavy metals in Pakistan(Springer, 2025) Akram, Sumaira; Khan, Said Akbar; Gul, Hatice Kubra; Syed, Jabir Hussain; Kazim, Mureed; Rehman, Syed Aziz Ur; Kurt-Karakus, PerihanPakistan has become a significant recipient of e-waste, largely due to lower labor costs, lack of local environmental regulations, and less stringent international controls. Limited research exists on e-waste generation, management, and pollution in Pakistan. This study aimed to analyze levels of selected heavy metals in human hair samples from workers at informal e-waste processing facilities in six major cities: Karachi, Lahore, Rawalpindi, Faisalabad, Gujranwala, and Peshawar. A total of 150 hair samples were collected from workers aged 15 to 60 years and compared with samples from a control group of individuals who had no exposure to e-waste processing for at least the previous five years. Results revealed higher average concentrations (mu g/kg) of Zn (577) in the hair of e-waste facility workers, followed by Fe (534), Al (265), and Cu (105). Significant age-related differences were observed for Zn, Fe, Cd, and Pb (p < 0.01), indicating these metals are prevalent during e-waste recycling. Notably, Fe, Zn, and Al concentrations were significantly higher in the 56 + age group, suggesting prolonged exposure. Strong correlations (p < 0.01) were found between pairs such as Al-Cu, Al-Fe, Zn-Cu, and Cd-Pb, which can serve as markers of high exposure due to prolonged e-waste recycling activities. In conclusion, hair analysis is a noninvasive, cost-effective method to provide preliminary information on heavy metal exposure in both control and exposed groups. Further studies are recommended to evaluate the correlation between heavy metals in hair, urine, and blood samples of informal e-waste recyclers to establish exposure routes and adverse health effects on metabolic activities.
