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    Ambient air concentrations and risk assessment of selected organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) across five Middle Eastern countries
    (Oae Publishing Inc, 2022) Gevao, Bondi; Kurt-Karakus, Perihan Binnur; Birgul, Askin; Martinez-Guijarro, Karell; Sukhn, Carol; Krishnan, Divya; Orif, Mohamed. I.
    This paper presents data obtained from concurrently deployed polyurethane foam disk passive samplers in Kuwait, Turkey, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, and Oman between January and October 2018. The study's main goal was to initiate a passive air sampling network across the Middle East to generate comparable data, which will help report obligations of the various countries and be used in protocol discussions. The & sum;24OCP concentrations were highest in the samples collected from Kartaba in Lebanon (7780 pgm(-3)), and the lowest concentration was recorded at the BUTAL site in the Bursa province of Turkey (7.27 pgm(-3)). The mean ambient & sum;24OCP concentrations on a country-specific basis over consecutive sampling campaigns were: Lebanon (1680 pgm(-3)) > Bursa (Turkey) (78.7 pgm(-3)) > Oman (55 pgm(-3)) > Kuwait (42 pgm(-3)) > Jeddah, Saudi Arabia (19.1 pgm(-3)). The results show no cancer risk due to inhalation of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in ambient air. This study provides the first reliable measurements of the spatial variability in the atmospheric concentrations of OCPs across several Middle Eastern countries, providing a baseline for assessing time trends in air, one of the core matrices for the effectiveness evaluation of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants.
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    Spatial variability in the ambient concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans across the Middle East
    (Turkish Natl Committee Air Pollution Res & Control-Tuncap, 2022) Gevao, Bondi; Martinez-Guijarro, Karell; Kurt-Karakus, Perihan Binnur; Sukhn, Carol; Weber, Roland; Krishnan, Divya; Orif, Mohamed I.
    Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/F) were monitored at 12 sites across four countries (Kuwait, Turkey, Lebanon and, Oman) using validated passive air samplers between January 2018 and December 2018 in an attempt to set up a monitoring network for persistent organic pollutants (POPs) across the Middle East. The highest concentrations of sigma PCDD/F were detected in Oman reflecting the proximity of the site to a steel melting company at Al-Rassil Industrial area (557 fg I-TEQ m-3) and a hospital waste incinerator at Al-Multaga (489 fg I-TEQ m-3). Elevated levels were also measured at all monitoring sites across Kuwait with average concentrations ranging from-150 fg I-TEQ m- 3 at the Shuwaikh site to-250 fg I-TEQ m- 3 at the Salmiya and Abdali sites. Levels of sigma PCDD/F at all other stations in the region were generally lower than 35 fg I-TEQ m- 3. The levels of 1,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDF were frequently a factor of two higher compared to 1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDF suggesting that an additional source exists which involves the use of elemental chlorine. This study has provided the first reliable measurements of the atmospheric concentrations of PCDD/F in the Middle East providing a baseline for assessing time trends in PCDD/F in the air, one of the core matrices for the effectiveness evaluation under the Stockholm Convention on POPs.