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Öğe Bio-based Rigid Polyurethane Foam Prepared from Apricot Stone Shell-based Polyol for Thermal Insulation Application-Part 2: Morphological, Mechanical, and Thermal Properties(North Carolina State Univ Dept Wood & Paper Sci, 2020) Fidan, Muhammed Said; Ertaş, MuratThe procedure for the liquefaction of apricot stone shells was reported in Part 1. Part 2 of this work determines the morphological, mechanical, and thermal properties of the bio-based rigid polyurethane foam composites (RPUFc). In this study, the thermal conductivity, compressive strength, compressive modulus, thermogravimetric analysis, flammability tests (horizontal burning and limited oxygen index (LOI)) in the flame retardants), and scanning electron microscope (SEM) (cell diameter in the SEM) tests of the RPUFc were performed and compared with control samples. The results showed the thermal conductivity (0.0342 to 0.0362 mW/mK), compressive strength (10.5 to 14.9 kPa), compressive modulus (179.9 to 180.3 kPa), decomposition and residue in the thermogravimetric analysis (230 to 491 degrees C, 15.31 to 21.61%), UL-94 and LOI in the flame retardants (539.5 to 591.1 mm/min, 17.8 to 18.5%), and cell diameter in the SEM (50.6 to 347.5 mu m) of RPUFc attained from liquefied biomass. The results were similar to those of foams obtained from industrial RPUFs, and demonstrated that bio-based RPUFc obtained from liquefied apricot stone shells could be used as a reinforcement filler in the preparation of RPUFs, specifically in construction and insulation materials. Moreover, liquefied apricot stone shell products have potential to be fabricated into rigid polyurethane foam composites.Öğe Biobased Rigid Polyurethane Foam Prepared from Apricot Stone Shell-based Polyol for Thermal Insulation Application, Part 1: Synthesis, Chemical, and Physical Properties(North Carolina State Univ Dept Wood & Paper Sci, 2020) Fidan, Muhammed Said; Ertaş, MuratPolyurethane foam is one of the most versatile construction insulation materials because of its low density, high mechanical properties, and low thermal conductivity. This study examined biobased rigid polyurethane foam composites from apricot stone shells, which are lignocellulosic residues. The apricot stone shells were liquefied with a PEG-400 (polyethylene glycol-400) and glycerin mixture in the presence of sulfuric acid catalyst at 140 to 160 degrees C for 120 min. Rigid polyurethane-type foam composites from the reaction were successfully prepared with different chemical components. Biobased polyurethane-type foam composites were successfully produced from the liquefied apricot stone shells. The FTIR spectra of liquefaction products confirmed successful liquefaction of products and that they are sources of hydroxyl groups. The liquefaction yield (81.6 to 96.7%), hydroxyl number (133.5 to 204.8 mg KOH per g), the highest elemental analysis amount (C, H, N, S, 0) (62.08, 6.32, 6.12, 0.13, and 25.35%), and density (0.0280 to 0.0482 g per cm(3)) of the rigid polyurethane foam composites were comparable to foams made from commercial RPUF composites.Öğe Determination of Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities and Chemical Components of Volatile Oils of Atropa belladonna L. Growing in Turkey(Har Krishan Bhalla and Sons, 2021) Öz M.; Fidan, Muhammed Said; Baltaci C.; Ücüncü O.; Karatas S.M.In this study; the essential oils were obtained from the flowers and leaves of Atropa belladonna L. plants through the hydrodistillation method in a Clevenger type device. The chemical composition of volatile oils was determined by analyzing with the GC-MS/MS instrument. The antioxidant activity of the obtained volatile oils was determined according to total antioxidant content (TAC), free radical scavenging (ABTS) capacity, free radical scavenging (DPPH) amounts, total flavonoid content (TFC), total phenolic content (TPC), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) capacity methods. Antimicrobial activities of essential oils were determined through the agar-disc diffusion method. As for the results; volatile oil yields of the A. belladonna were determined as 0.37 % in leaves and 1.57 % in flowers. The highest percentage of chemical compounds in essential oils of the A. belladonna plant were determined as (43.75 %) aldehydes in leaves and as (39.96 %) fatty acids in flowers. In addition, the main constituents found in volatile oils were eicosane (35.92 %) in the leaves and hexadecenoic acid (18.84 %) in the flowers of the A. belladonna. The highest amounts of antioxidant for the test specimens were found as 1.37-1.48 mg QE/100 mL in TFC, as 13.25-21.91 mg AA/100 mL in ABTS, as 51.49-62.87 mg GA/100 mL in TPC, and as 4.71-7.97 mg FeSO4/100 mL in FRAP capacity. As the results of the antimicrobial activities, it was determined that only the leaves of A. belladonna show antimicrobial activity against the mold-yeast and gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria microorganisms among the 17 bacteria and 6 yeast-mold types used in the study.Öğe DETERMINATION OF CERTAIN PROPERTIES OF SCOTCH PINE (PINUS SYLVESTRIS L.) WOOD WHICH IS IMPREGNATED WITH BORON COMPOUNDS AND QUECHUA(Slovak Forest Products Research Inst, 2018) Sen, Selim; Fidan, Muhammed Said; Alkan, Elif; Yasar, S. SadiyeAs the industrialisation and technological developments increase; the search for functional material which is environment-friendly, non-toxic, flame resistant, with a broad applicability and with high-temperature endurance also increases. Even though the wood material corresponds most of these features, its possession of an organic structure causes it to be affected negatively by damages occurring under proper conditions in the outdoor environment. Due to this reason, this study is conducted to prevent damages (biotic, abiotic pests, fire, etc.) caused by the environment to the wooden material, and to determine some physical and mechanical properties of wooden material impregnated with quechua, borax and boric acid, which are used to extend the usage life. Those features are needed in an outdoor environment. The Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) test specimens are prepared with borax, boric acid, borax+boric acid, from borax compounds, which have a great potential in Turkey, and with quechua, one of the natural impregnation substances. Then these samples are impregnated with three different (1%, 3%, 5%) solution concentrations according to ASTM 1413-76 standards and some physical-mechanical property changes are investigated. After impregnation, samples are tested and compared with control samples. According to the test results; the lowest oven dried density change is obtained in borax as 0.46 g.cm(-3) in terms of boron compounds and the retention amount is determined to be highest with 3.83 k.gm(-3) in the samples impregnated with boric acid. The bending strength and elastic modulus are found to be highest with 83.53 MPa and 10281 MPa in the samples impregnated with boric acid. When examined at the concentration level, it is determined to be highest with 81.89 MPa in samples with 3% concentration. There are statistical discrepancies with 55.77 MPa in the comprehensive strength parallel to grain in boric acid in terms of boron compounds.Öğe Doğu Karadeniz Bölgesinde Bulunan Korunan Alanların Rekreasyonel Kullanımları(2019) Öz, Mehmet; Adanur, Hakan; Fidan, Muhammed Said; Komut, OsmanKorunan alanlar eğitim faaliyetlerinin ve bilimsel araştırmaların yapıldığı, genetik çeşitliliğin ve türlerin saklandığı, kültürel, geleneksel, simgesel doğal kaynakların zarar verici etkilerden sakınıldığı ve sürdürülebilir olarak kullanıldığı, özel öneme sahip doğal ve kültürel bölgelerin turizm ve rekreasyonel kullanım imkanının sağlandığı bölgelerdir. Bu çalışmada Doğu Karadeniz Bölgesi içinde yer alan Artvin, Giresun, Gümüşhane, Rize ve Trabzon illerinde yer alan korunan alanlar materyal olarak seçilmiştir. Bu alanlarda 2010-2017 yılları arasındaki ziyaretçi sayılarının belirlenmesi ve karşılaştırılması amaçlanmıştır. İller arası ziyaretçi sayılarının karşılaştırılmasında Tek Yönlü Varyans Analizi kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen veriler Rekreasyonel kullanım olarak 2018 yılı itibariyle bu İllerden Artvin’de 3, Gümüşhane’de 5, Trabzon’da 8, Rize’de 6 ve Giresun’da 4 adet korunan alan bulunmaktadır. Bölge müdürlüğü sınırları içerisinde bulunan korunan alanları toplam olarak, 2010 yılında 450.411 kişi, 2011 yılında 555.678 kişi, 2012 yılında 973.391 kişi, 2013 yılında 1.936.608 kişi, 2014 yılında 1.601.913 kişi, 2015 yılında 1.458.617 kişi, 2016 yılında 1.558.290 kişi ve son olarak 2017 yılında 1.911.429 kişi ziyaret etmiştir. Yıllar itibarı ile ziyaretçi sayısının artışında, ilan edilen korunan alan sayısının çoğalması, korunan alanların daha kaliteli hizmet verecek hale getirilmesi ve insanların rekreasyon ihtiyaçlarının giderek artmasının önemli olduğu söylenebilir.Öğe Optimization of Liquefaction Parameters of Cotton Burrs (Gossypium hirsutum L.) for Polyurethane-Type Isolation Foams(Kastamonu Univ, 2020) Fidan, Muhammed Said; Ertaş, MuratAim of study: The use of composites obtained from wood and similar lignocellulosic plants has increased all over the world. Because of the rapid depletion of forest natural resources, the rational use of declining wood raw materials and to evaluate environmental alternatives has gained importance. For this purpose, many alternative lignocellulosic raw materials are used as heat insulation material by producing foams. Material and method: This research compared the properties of liquefied using cotton burr after liquefaction under different acid concentrations, PEG 400-Glycerin/Cotton burr ratios, pore sizes, and PEG 400/Glycerin ratios. The cotton burrs were put in a reaction chamber at 160 degrees C for 2 h with the PEG 400-Glycerin/cotton burr and sulfuric acid in a glass balloon. Main results: The maximum yield in the liquefaction of cotton burrs was found in the polyethylene glycol/glycerin ratio of 1:1. It has been found that the amount of unliquefied cotton burrs decreased with increasing of the acid concentration, reaction temperature and time. Research highlights: Consequently, the liquefaction of cotton burrs could be seamlessly used in the production of polyurethane-type foam.Öğe Physical and mechanical properties of wood impregnated with quebracho and boron compounds(2019) Fidan, Muhammed Said; Adanur, HakanIn recent years, alternative natural impregnation materials are being sought as substitutes for chemical impregnation materials used for conserving wooden materials; therefore, such natural materials have acquired significance in the forest products industry. In this study, the boron compounds borax and boric acid, which are abundant raw materials in Turkey, and quebracho, a natural impregnation material, were used. For the impregnation process, aqueous solutions of 1%, 3%, and 5% boron compounds were utilized. The test samples were impregnated according to ASTM D 1413-76 principles. Oven-dry density, retention rate, bending strength, elastic modulus, compression strength parallel to fibers, bonding strength parallel to fibers, and screw holding strength tests of the impregnated samples were measured, and the results were compared with those of control samples. The retention, oven-dry density, comprehension parallel to fibers, and screw holding strength of the samples were found to be higher than those of the control samples, whereas bending strength, elastic modulus, and bonding strength parallel to fibers were lower. After impregnation, it was observed that there was a decline in strength values and a rise in retention rates with the increase in the concentrations of boron compounds. The values for samples impregnated with borax were higher than those for the samples impregnated with boric acid.Öğe PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF BIODEGRADABLE RIGID POLYURETHANE FOAMS FROM THE LIQUEFIED EUCALYPTUS AND PINE WOODS(Slovak Forest Products Research Inst, 2014) Ertaş, Murat; Fidan, Muhammed Said; Alma, Mehmet HakkiIn this study, eucalyptus (Eucalyptus camaldulensis L.) and pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) woods were liquefied using the the blended solvents mixture of polyethylene glycol PEG-400/glycerin in the presence of sulfuric acid as a catalyst at 140-160 degrees C for 120 min. The insoluble parts in the liquefied eucalyptus and pine were found as 17.8 and 5.5 wt. %, respectively. The acid and hydroxyl numbers of the liquefied eucalyptus and pine were determined and compared with each other. Polyurethane-type rigid foams (RPUFs) were successfully prepared by a co-polymerization of the liquefied woods (LWs) and polymeric methylene diphenylene diisocyanate (PMDI). The compressive strength (120 to 250 kPa), the modulus of elasticity (1 to 6 MPa), the density (20 to 50 kg.m(-3)) and thermal conductivity (0.0352 to 0.0374 W.mK(-1)) of the RPUFs prepared from the LWs were found to be almost comparable to those of the synthetic foams. Furthermore, the biodegradability of the biomass-based foams was higher than that of the synthetic ones.Öğe A STUDY ON NOISE LEVELS OF MACHINERY USED IN LUMBER INDUSTRY ENTERPRISES(Slovak Forest Products Research Inst, 2020) Fidan, Muhammed Said; Yasar, Sekip Sadiye; Komut, Osman; Yasar, MehmetThe aim of this study is to help to create a healthier environment by measuring the noise levels in the furniture and lumber sectors of forest products industry. In this study, noise measurement for approximately 3 min has been conducted in 4 measurement spots in the side of the machinery, in the factory entrance and in full and empty state for each machinery; from 3 different chosen spots in enterprises producing lumber. Measurements have been recorded as 720, from each machine as 36 measurements, with the condition to be recorded every 5 sec for 3 min. For this purpose, noise measurements have been carried out in 17 workplaces producing lumber and results have been compared statistically. As a result of the obtained findings, it is understood that the noise levels of thickness machinery don't exceed the value for the upper limit stated in the regulations. However, vertical wood band sawmill and band saw machines have been observed to go over this limit. Besides, some factors of planning and multi slitting machine don't exceed this limit, some of them exceed. As a result, it has been conducted that when noise levels of machinery used in the lumber industry enterprises exceed the upper limit stated in the regulations, they can pose a serious threat to human health.
