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Öğe A species for drought landscape applications; Production, ex-situ conservation and ornamental plant characteristics of Onosma armena DC.([TR] Orman Genel Müdürlüğü, 2022) Yücel, Gül; Erken, KamilDue to climate change and anthropogenic effects on the flora, the pressure on the endemic and rare species is increasing. Conservation of these species is necessary in accordance with national regulations and international agreements. Onosma armena DC. plant species is endemic and has a high tolerance to hard ecological conditions and drought. It has a high ornamental plant potential in terms of aesthetic properties. In this study, we aimed to determine the plant characteristics related to ornamental plant use, the development performance in natural and cultural conditions, the seed production methods, and the ex-situ conservation of Onosma armena DC. plant species. According to the findings, Onosma armena DC. plant species is suitable for use in xeriscape applications with an average of 52 days of flowering in the April-June period, with its yellow flower color, many flowers, spreading plant form, and performance in extremely dry conditions in its natural habitats. The best germination temperature was found to be at 20 °C. The best treatments for the germination of Onosma armena DC. seeds were determined as cold wet stratification at 40 °C for three months + soaking in 600 ppm GA3 (69.33%) solution for 24 hours and cold wet stratification (70.33%) in perlite at 4 °C for 4 months. With the seedlings obtained during the study, a garden was established for genetic resource, promotion, and ex-situ conservation in the culture medium, and the species was taken ex-situ conservation. The next cultivation studies will be carried out with the seeds and plants obtained from the resource garden without no more disturbing natural populations.Öğe Annual germination cycle of salep orchid (Anacamptis sancta L.) and adaptation to outdoor conditions(Julius Kuhn Inst - Jki, 2024) Parlak, Salih; Erken, KamilOrchids have an important place in plant biodiversity. Although many orchid species are endangered, millions of tubers are removed and destroyed every year. Anacamptis sancta is one of the most widespread and most collected species. Since orchid seeds do not have endosperms, their reproduction rate in nature is low. It can be germinated asymbiotically in the laboratory environment, but the critical stage in this process is the acclimatisation of the plants from the in vitro growing media to the outdoor conditions. Seedlings that cannot establish mycorrhizal relationships in the transferred growing media die. Studies on acclimatisation of salep orchids to the outdoor environment are quite limited. In this study, the germination cycle of Anacamptis sancta was determined by sowing seeds in monthly intervals into asymbiotic growing media, and adaptation studies were carried out by transferring the seedlings to different growing environments. Starting from May, seeds were sown on modified Knudson C (KC) medium between the 15th and 20th of each month. The seedlings, which reached the transplant size after approximately five months, were transplanted to three different growing media consisting of peat, peat/perlite (3/1) and soil. In this study, which was repeated every month, 300 seedlings were transplanted into each growing media in three replicates, and a total of 900 seedlings were transplanted into three growing media. As a result, germination percentages in all months were higher than the reported studies. Besides, for the first-time direct transfer of orchid transplantation from laboratory to field was carried out and statistically the most successful results in outdoor adaptation were obtained from the seedlings transferred to the peat in August.Öğe Application of Sponge City strategies in flood susceptible areas; Hatay, Antakya example(Springer, 2025) Aksoy, Onur; Erken, Kamil; Sokmen, Eren DagraRecently, floods have affected many areas due to the deterioration of the precipitation regime and improper land use. To mitigate these impacts, it is essential to implement sustainable urban drainage systems, such as Sponge City strategies, particularly in vulnerable regions. The study aims to minimize the possible effects of flood disasters by developing Sponge City proposals in high flood susceptibility areas in the center of Hatay, where the loss of life and a major structural disaster occurred after the February 6, 2023, Kahramanmara & scedil; earthquake. Firstly the study flood susceptibility analysis was carried out at the Hatay center. The SWAT + module was used while performing the flood susceptibility analysis. The SWAT + module was employed to ascertain the locations of areas exhibiting high, moderate, and low flood susceptibility within the Hatay center. Analysis has showed that %89.24 of agricultural area and % 6.47 of built-up areas in the center of Hatay are under serious threat. The study is unique in that it proposes SC recommendations in flood susceptibility areas using geographic information systems. The impact of flood-related damages can be mitigated through the implementation of Sponge City applications in areas with high flood risk. Many such applications have been proposed for the region, and these suggestions are crucial for integrating them into new master plans. By adopting Sponge City principles, we can enhance the resilience of vulnerable areas and effectively manage water resources to reduce flood risk and protect both agricultural and built-up zones.Öğe Conservation of natural heritage in the Bursa Hanlar District: An investigation into monumental plane trees(Ege Universitesi, 2025) Çil Çelik, Seda; Erken, KamilObjective: This study aims to identify the difficulties and challenges faced by monumental trees in a historically protected area, compare their current and desired living conditions and develop solutions to the issues they experience. Material and Methods: The study assessed the current living conditions and physical state of the monumental plane trees. The differences were identified by comparing their current condition with their expected size and habitat to be protected. Monumental trees were examined in terms of trunk and crown health status, and solution proposals were developed for the identified problems. Results: The data revealed that 85% of the monumental trees were below the required height and diameter. None of the monumental trees in the study area had sufficient living space. Furthermore, 95% of the trees exhibited inadequate root areas, and their forms had deteriorated due to deep pruning; 90% showed signs of branch dieback, 70% had galls and swellings, 55% insufficient crown area, and 50% had cavities and rot in their trunks. Conclusion: To ensure the sustainability of the monumental trees in the study area, they must be protected according to the TS 13190 standard, with special care and rehabilitation measures implemented. Without these interventions, many of these monumental trees, which have already lost many characteristics, may disappear within a few decades. © 2025, Ege Universitesi. All rights reserved.Öğe Effects of different treatments on the seed germination and emergence of potential ornamental crop Chamaecytisus hirsutus (L.)(Bursa Technical University, 2023) Erken, Kamil; Özzambak, ErcanNatural plants are highly resistant to adverse weather conditions, drought, and lack of water due to their characteristics. They have a high rate of adaptability to different conditions. Acting on the notion of climate change and limited water resources, issues such as using some of the Mediterranean plants and cultivating them as landscape plants so that they could be used for different purposes should be given more importance. The first studies on plants that are subject to trade as landscape plants include; defining the characteristics of the plant and collecting data regarding its vegetative development and production activities. The purpose of this study; determine the effects of different sowing times and treatments on the seed germination and emergence of one of the natural species of the Mediterranean flora, the Chamaecytisus hirsutus, for them to be practically seed propagated under producer conditions. To determine the effects of sowing times on germination, sowing has been conducted in October, November, February, and March. To increase germination rates, 14 different treatments have been implemented: immersion in water, stratification, scarification of the seed coat through hot water and sulphuric acid, cold (4oC) storage, two different doses of the GA3 treatment as well as a combination of these methods. From the treatments applied, the best results were obtained from; 10 section soak in boiling water, 10 section soak in boiling water + 24 hours soak in 250 ppm GA3 solution, and 10 section soak in boiling water + 24 hours soak in 500 ppm GA3 solution in November.Öğe Endemik Taksonların Korunması ve Tür Koruma Eylem Planları(Bursa Teknik Üniversitesi, 2022) Erken, Kamil; Parlak, Salih; Yılmaz, MustafaEndemik taksonlar insanlığın dünya mirasıdır. Birçok varlık değerleri yanında potansiyel kültür değeri ve genetik kaynak değeri taşımaktadırlar. Bulundukları coğrafyada, kendi habitatlarında ulusal politika ve çıkarların ötesinde, uluslararası sözleşmeler gereği korunmak zorundadırlar. Türkiye’de 2022 yılı Mayıs ayı sonu itibarıyla 3275 adet endemik, 428 adet lokal endemik ve 4 adet nesli tükenmiş takson olmak üzere 13404 takson kaydı bulunmaktadır. IUCN 2022 kriterlerine göre endemik türlerimizin yaklaşık 117’si “Çok tehlikede” (CR), 155’i “Tehlikede” (EN) kategorisinde yer almaktadır. Biyoçeşitlilik ve endemizm oranı açısından tüm Avrupa kıtasına eşdeğer varlıklara sahip olan Türkiye’de bu değerlerin korunması ve sürdürülebilir kullanımı konusunda gerekli çalışmaların yapılması zorunludur. Ülkelerin gelişmişlik ve refah düzeyleri ile paralel ilerleyen bu çalışmaların Türkiye için yeterli düzeyde ve sistematik olarak yapıldığını ve hedeflere ulaşıldığını söylemek çok gerçekçi değildir. 2007 yılında uygulamaya konulan “Ulusal Biyolojik Çeşitlilik Stratejisi ve Eylem Planı” çerçevesine bu taksonların bir plan çerçevesinde tespiti, planlaması, izlenmesi ve korunması çalışmaları başlatılmış olmasına rağmen, çalışmalarda yeterince hızlı ilerleme kaydedilememiştir. Bu çalışmada, Türkiye tohumlu bitkiler endemik taksonlarının korunması konularında yapılan uygulamalar incelenmiş, uygulama süreçlerinde, tespit edilen aksaklıklar ve çözüm önerileri ortaya konulmuştur.Öğe Impact of Temperature Inversion on the Distribution Shifts of Turkish Red Pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) and Black Pine (Pinus nigra Arnold.) in the Karıncalı Region, Bursa-Orhaneli(Croatian Forest Research Inst, 2025) Yilmaz, Mustafa; Parlak, Salih; Erken, Kamil; Kalkan, MehmetTopographic diversity leads to climate and vegetation differences over short distances. A significant example of these differences is temperature inversion, where cold air accumulates in hollows and concave areas, resulting in lower temperatures in lower zones and affecting the distribution limits of plant species. In this study conducted in the Kar & imath;ncal & imath; region of Orhaneli, Bursa, the effect of temperature inversion on the natural distribution of Turkish red pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) and black pine (Pinus nigra Arnold.) stands was investigated. Measurements made with temperature sensors placed between 500-600 m altitude for two years showed that although black pine is generally distributed at higher altitudes, it is located below the red pine zones due to temperature inversion. Especially in the lower zones, recorded low temperatures have revealed the cold adaptation advantage of black pine. Temperature inversion affects the distribution limits of plant species, reshaping ecosystem structure and interspecies competition. This highlights the necessity of considering temperature inversion areas in forestry activities. In reforestation projects to be carried out in areas where inversion conditions are effective, the selection of cold-resistant species is of vital importance for the success of the applications.Öğe Marmara florasında doğal olarak yetişen bitki türlerinin peyzaj mimarlığında kullanımı “dört mevsim çiçekli bitkisel tasarım projesi örneği’’(Bursa Teknik Üniversitesi, 2022) Aksoy, Onur; Erken, KamilMarmara bölgesi bitki çeşitliliği bakımından önemli bir potansiyele sahiptir. Köprü niteliği taşıyan bölge, yaklaşık 67.000 kilometrekarelik bir yüz ölçüme sahip olup Türkiye'nin %8,5'ine denk gelmektedir. Bu çalışmada, Marmara bölgesinde yayılış gösteren 42 familyaya ait 124 türün mevsimlere göre çiçeklenme durumları incelenmiş, ekolojik ve dört mevsim çiçekli bir bahçe oluşturabilmek için bitki seçimi yapılmıştır. Bitki seçimi yapılırken, çiçeklenme aralığı uzun ve kış mevsiminde çiçekli türlerin seçimine öncelik verilmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda Marmara bölgesinde seçilmiş bir alan üzerinde bitkisel tasarım önerisi geliştirilmiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı 12 ay boyunca çiçekli ekolojik bir bahçe kullanımı için bitki türü önerilmesini sağlamaktır. Ayrıca bu çalışma doğal bitkilerin bitkisel tasarım çalışmalarında büyük potansiyele sahip olduğunu göstermiştir. Bitkisel tasarım çalışmalarında sonbahar ve kış mevsiminde park alanlarında çiçekli olarak görülebilecek bitki sayısının az olmasına rağmen, doğal bitki türleri kullanılarak bu mevsimlerde de çiçekli bahçelerin tasarlanabileceğini ortaya koymuştur. Çalışmada en fazla takson içeren familyalar; Liliaceae (15 takson) ve Amaryllidaceae (12 takson) şeklindedir. Marmara bölgesinde dört mevsim çiçekli bahçeler için önerilen bitki listesinde, ocak ayında 7 adet, şubat ayında 18 adet, mart ayında 20 adet, ekim ayında 7 adet, kasım ayında 4 adet, aralık ayında 1 adet çiçekli tür yer almaktadır.Öğe Ormanlarda sıcaklık ve vejetasyon terselmesi(Bursa Teknik Üniversitesi, 2021) Yılmaz, Mustafa; Parlak, Salih; Erken, KamilDoğada topoğrafyadaki değişkenliğin etkisi ile kısa mesafelerde iklim ve vejetasyonda farklılıklar meydana gelmektedir. Bu topoklimatik olaylardan biri de sıcaklık ve vejetasyon terselmesidir. Sıcaklık terselmesi, çukur, yayvan içbükey araziler ve etrafı yüksek vadilerde alt yükseltide sıcaklığın daha düşük olarak gerçekleşmesidir. Sıcaklık terselmesi gerçekleşen alanlara daha üst kuşakların bitkileri yerleşmekte ve aynı alanda vejetasyonda da terselme ortaya çıkmaktadır. Türkiye’de sıcaklık ve vejetasyon terselmesi doğada ve ormanlarda sıkça karşılaşılan bir durumdur. Sıcaklık terselmesi özellikle soğuk ve serin, bulutsuz kış günlerinde yaygındır. Sıcaklık terselme alanları çok farklı boyut ve şekillerde olabilmektedir. Don çukuru, don cebi, don yatağı, don çanağı, yayvan arazi, küvet arazi, içbükey arazi, depresyon (çöküntü alanı), soğuk hava havuzu, soğuk hava gölü, soğuk hava oluğu, soğuk hava kanalı, soğuk hava akımı sahaları sıcaklık terselme alanlarını ifadede en çok kullanılan terimlerdir. Sıcaklık terselme alanlarının büyüklüğü onlarca metrekareden yüzlerce hektara, derinliği ise birkaç metreden yüzlerce metreye kadar değişebilmektedir. Ormanlardaki sıcaklık terselmesi meşcere kuruluşunu, ağaçların dağılışını, büyümesini ve formlarını yakından etkilemektedir. Ormaniçi açıklık olarak ortaya çıkan terselme alanları biyolojik çeşitlilik ve yaban hayvanları için kritik önemdedir. Başta ağaçlandırma çalışmaları olmak üzere ormancılık faaliyetlerinde sıcaklık ve vejetasyon terselmesi önemle dikkate alınmalıdır.Öğe Roof Garden Design with Native Plant Species of The Marmara Flora: The Case of Bursa Technical University(Bursa Technical University, 2025) Gümüş, Eray; Erken, KamilTurkey possesses a rich flora due to its location at the intersection of three distinct phytogeographic regions: Euro-Siberian, Iran-Turanian, and Mediterranean. The country's flora includes approximately 12,000 taxa, of which 3,700 are endemic. However, the widespread use of exotic plants in urban areas has negatively impacted environmental sustainability, exerting pressure on native plant species and habitats. In contrast, native plant species are well adapted to the ecological conditions of their region, offering advantages such as water efficiency and low maintenance requirements. The process of urbanization has intensified anthropogenic pressure on green spaces, while the expansion of concrete surfaces has exacerbated the urban heat island effect. Roof gardens are among the sustainable landscape practices that can help mitigate these challenges by providing both economic and ecological benefits. In this context, the use of native plants in roof gardens presents a more environmentally friendly and cost-effective alternative to exotic species. This study aims to identify native plant species with high potential for use in roof and terrace gardens in the Marmara Region. The research was conducted within the boundaries of Bursa province, where suitable plant species were selected based on the region’s climatic and ecological characteristics. Through a combination of literature review and field observations, a list of perennial native plant species was compiled, prioritizing those with low water requirements, high resistance to extreme conditions, and valuable aesthetic and functional attributes. The selected plant species were then assessed in a roof garden application at Bursa Technical University’s Mimar Sinan Campus. The findings highlight that integrating native plant species into roof gardens provides significant benefits for urban ecosystem sustainability. This research contributes to urban resilience by increasing green space coverage, mitigating the urban heat island effect, conserving water, and supporting biodiversity.Öğe Selection of succulent species to be used on green roofs according to phytogeographic regions: Türkiye example(Ege Universitesi, 2024) Aksoy, Onur; Erken, KamilThe objective of this study was to determine the succulent plant species that can be used on green roofs to be recommended for 3 phytogeographic regions in Türkiye. Three phytogeographic regions in Türkiye and the succulent taxa found in the natural flora of these regions were chosen as the study material. In the study, firstly, literature search was conducted. Then, family, endemism, hairiness, climate, altitude and habitat status of succulent species obtained from the literature were determined. In line with the information obtained in the last stage, taxa that can be recommended for green roofs in 3 different phytogeographic regions are listed. As a result of the study, it was determined that Saxifraga spp. and Sempervivum spp. in cool climates, Umbilicus spp. and Rosularia spp hot climates that the genera are the genera with the highest number of taxa. Also, ranked in both cool and warm climates, Sedum spp. and Rosularia spp. first in terms of the species richness of its genera The findings of this study are of importance in terms of helping the selection of the right succulent species that can be used on green roofs for countries located in similar phytogeographic regions around the world. © 2024 Ege Universitesi. All rights reserved.Öğe Başlıksız(NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIV, 2021) Erken, KamilVerbascum yurtkuranianum is a narrow endemic species occurring in a single location, the northern Bursa province (Turkey). It is an endangered and potentially ornamental plant. No conducted study on its life and biology, production, and aesthetic features is available. This study aimed to reveal its vegetative properties, seed characteristics, methods and requirements for seed germination, germination speed, and potential ornamental value so it can be conserved ex situ and produced. Verbascum yurtkuranianum has potential value as an ornamental plant regarding its aesthetic features as a flower. This study revealed that the total number of individuals in the species is 788. Without any treatment, 70.7% germination rate is achieved if the seeds are stored at 4 degrees C. The optimum germination temperature was from 15 to 20 degrees C (77.3% and 78.7%, respectively), and the photoperiod regulation for seed germination was 12/12 or 8/16 (light/dark) hours (74.7% and 76.0%, respectively). The most effective treatment to promote germination rate was found by implementation of 60 min ultrasonic waves (94.3%) or application of 120 min vacuum (95.3%). Germination occurred between 8 and 10 days. A parcel of ex situ conservation was constituted with the seedlings obtained from the germination studies.Öğe Başlıksız(2019) Erken, Kamil; Sayan Atanur, Gül; Akın Tanrıöver, AnılKent yaşamının, trafik, stres, gürültü ve yapılı çevre içinde sıkışmış rutin yaşam tarzı insanları doğaya ve doğal yaşama doğru yönlendirmektedir. Koruyarak doğayı yaşama, keşfetme, farklı kültürleri anlama, yereldeki kaynakları ve getirisini yerel halkla paylaşma, yerel ve doğal kaynakların sürdürülebilir kullanımı ile mümkündür. Bu faaliyetler doğal kaynakların ekonomiye kazandırılması, kırsal kesimde yaşayanların hayat standartlarının yükseltilmesi, turizm alanlarının, faaliyetlerinin ve gelirlerinin çeşitlendirilmesi ve artırılması konularıyla da örtüşen ortak hedefler içermektedir. Doğa turizmi faaliyetlerinin çoğunluğu flora tabanlı faaliyetlerdir. Marmara Bölgesi ve özellikle Bursa, biyoçeşitlilik ve yoğun florası ile ülkemizin doğa turizmi açısından Karadeniz Bölgesi'nden sonra en önemli alanlarıdır. Coğrafi konumu, sahip olduğu zengin ve yoğun orman alanları ve Uludağ Milli Parkı, Bursa’yı botanik turizmi, foto safari, doğa yürüyüşü, doğa gözlemciliği, tıbbi bitkilere bağlı sağlık turizmi, macera oyunları turizmi gibi floraya bağlı doğa turizmi alanlarında merkez olabilecek bir konuma taşımaktadır. Bu çalışmada Bursa'da ekoturizmin çeşitlendirilmesi ve canlandırılması için floraya bağlı doğa turizmi faaliyetleri açısından Bursa’nın sahip olduğu potansiyel ortaya konulmuş, SWOT analizi ile değerlendirilmiş ve öneriler oluşturulmuştur.
