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    Analysis of Urban Identity of a Palimpsest City: Bursa City Center as a Case
    (Hilal YILDIRIR KESER, 2017) Gönül, Alper; Durak, Selen; Arslan, Tülin Vural
    ABSTRACTUrban identity,  as a distinctive characteristic of each city, can be defined as the sum of tangible and intangible values of the city. Globalization and economic concerns increased the emphasis on the concept of urban identity by promoting the unique cultural values of the city. In recent years, local governments have been carrying out studies in order to uncover the distinctive urban environments symbolizing the different periods of the city. As a result of these studies, the concept of urban identity is often on the agenda.Bursa, as the fourth biggest city in Turkey, is among the cities that preserved its palimpsest structure. The city witnessed several civilizations such as Bithynian, Roman and Byzantine, until it was conquered by Ottomans in 1326. During Ottoman period, with a unique urban settlement idea, the boundaries of the city began to be shaped and the city preserved its pattern until the 19th century. In the second half of the 20th century depending on industrialization, immigration and globalization urban areas began to increase towards peripheries. While Bursa was affected from these developments, historic city center sustained its location and character with minor changes until now. Depending on its tangible values, the city has been included in UNESCO World Heritage List in 2014. The historical urban layers that continue to exist in the city center still have a strong influence in the definition of urban identity of Bursa. The aim of the study is to evaluate the transformation of urban identity in the historical city center of Bursa under the forces of various thresholds. In the content of this study, in order to understand how these thresholds affected the city center, a comparative study is carried out by using city maps, planning notes and visual materials. The findings of the study have revealed that urban environments shaping the collective memory of the city are still part of the urban daily life, although the city center has been subjected to several transformations throughout history.   
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    BİR OSMANLI KENTİ ÜSKÜP’ÜN TANZİMAT’TAN XX. YÜZYILA FİZİKSEL DEĞİŞİM SÜRECİ
    (2018) Gönül, Alper; Durak, Selen
    XIV. yüzyılda Osmanlılar tarafından fethedilen Üsküp, Balkanlardaki stratejik konumu sayesinde Osmanlı İmparatorluğu için önemini her zaman sürdürmüştür. Üsküp, Osmanlı öncesinde kale içerisinde küçük bir kent görünümünde iken Osmanlılar ile birlikte kale dışında Doğu-Batı doğrultusunda inşa edilen yapı kompleksleri (imaretler) ve bu yapı komplekslerinin etrafında gelişen konut birimleri (mahalleler) ile büyük bir gelişme göstermiştir. XV. ve XVI. yüzyıllarda yoğun bir imar faaliyetine sahne olan Üsküp, XVII. ve XVIII. yüzyıllarda mimari gelişim bağlamında durağan bir dönem geçirmiştir. XIX. yüzyıl Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda Tanzimat Fermanı’nın kabulüne ve Batılılaşma hareketlerine bağlı olarak radikal değişimlerin yaşandığı bir süreç olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. XIX. yüzyılda Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda yaşanan bu değişim önemli bir Osmanlı vilayeti olan Üsküp’te (II. Abdülhamid’in Üsküp’e verdiği öneme de bağlı olarak) kent mekânına ve yapılara yansımıştır. Bu çalışmada amaç Tanzimat sonrasında kent yönetim örgütlerinin kurulmaya başladığı Osmanlı kentlerinden biri olan Üsküp’te XIX. yüzyıl ortalarından XX. yüzyıl başlarına kadar gerçekleşen fiziksel değişimleri; Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun son dönem siyasal, sosyal ve ekonomik gelişmeleri ışığında incelemektir. Söz konusu hedef doğrultusunda çalışmanın ilk kısmında XIX. yüzyılda Tanzimat sonrasında Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun içerisinde bulunduğu değişim ve Batılılaşma ortamı aktarılacaktır. Üsküp’ün XIX. yüzyılda geçirdiği fiziksel değişimin daha net bir şekilde okunabilmesi için değişim öncesi Üsküp’ün genel durumu harita üzerinde verilmiş; sonrasında ise siyasal, sosyal ve ekonomik nedenlere bağlı olarak gerçekleşen mekânsal değişimler ortaya konulmuştur. Çalışmada erken Osmanlı döneminde oluşturulmuş ve Tanzimat dönemine kadar küçük değişikliklerle ulaşmış kent yapısına kısaca değinilmiş; ancak Tanzimat reformları ile ortaya çıkan mimari ürünlere odaklanılmıştır. Sonuç bölümünde ise Tanzimat sonrası gerçekleşen mekânsal değişimler 1914 yılı Üsküp haritası üzerinde gösterilmiş ve yorumlanmıştır.
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    Flood disaster vulnerability in informal settlements in Bursa, Turkey
    (Sage Publications Ltd, 2013) Tas, Murat; Tas, Nilufer; Durak, Selen; Sayan Atanur, Gül
    In Turkey, as in many other nations, there have been many urban flood disasters in recent years, and the greatest impact has often been on informal settlements. This paper reports on interviews with households who were affected by two floods in 2010 in two settlements in Bursa. Interviewees discussed why they lived there, the main problems they experienced, the factors that increased flood damage, the measures they took after the floods to minimize future flood impacts, the costs they incurred and where responsibility for disaster mitigation/preparedness lay. The conclusions emphasize the need for far more attention to disaster risk reduction and to working with low-income communities to identify how best such disaster risk reduction can be planned and implemented.
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    On measuring the change in historical city centres: an attempt at comparing human perception and deep learning through visual quality of street space
    (Springer, 2025) Gönül, Alper; Durak, Selen
    The quality of street space serves as a pivotal factor in overseeing the preservation, development, and utilization of historic heritage sites by individuals. This study proposes a novel method for quantifying changes in historical environments by assessing visual space quality. The model integrates artificial intelligence (AI)-based image segmentation of street views, representing an indirect form of human perception, with diverse user opinions based on evocation of facade images, reflecting direct human perception. The aim of the study is to evaluate visual space quality by comparing artificial intelligence and human perception within the proposed model, thereby harnessing the strengths of both approaches. The Atatürk High Street of Bursa City, situated within the Khans region, which inscribed on the UNESCO heritage list, was utilized as the study area to validate the method. Workstations, 50 m far away each other were created on Atatürk Street, and 360-degree panoramic images were obtained from these stations with Google Street View and action camera shots for the years 2014, 2018, 2020 and 2023. The obtained images were analyzed with deep learning-based semantic segmentation technique to monitor the changes in the visual quality indicators of greenery, openness, enclosure, imageability, walkability and complexity. The facade images of the workstations were shown to the experts and stakeholders with a survey application, and subjective-semi subjective change was determined over the same parameters. In the assessment of visual space quality, indicators such as openness, greenery, and enclosure, which predominantly encompass physical components, tend to yield objective and subjective results that closely align with each other. Conversely, discrepancies between objective and subjective results emerge for indicators such as imageability and complexity, wherein human emotions and perception exert significant influence. © The Author(s) 2025.