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    An Investigation of the Effectiveness of Super White Cement in Improving the Engineering Properties of Organic Soils by Laboratory Tests
    (Mdpi, 2025) Avci, Eyubhan; Balci, Mehmet C.; Toprak, Muhammed A.; Uysal, Melih; Deveci, Emre; Karatas, Gozde Algun; Donertas, Yunus E.
    In this study, the efficacy of super white cement (SWC) to improve organic soils was researched. For stabilization, 10%, 15%, and 20% proportions of SWC were added to organic soil. After improvement with SWC, Atterberg limit testing, standard Proctor tests, triaxial compression tests, and swelling and compressibility tests were performed on the organic soil. Proctor tests showed that stabilization of organic soil with SWC increased maximum dry density (MDD) and optimum moisture content (OMC) values. After stabilization, the unconfined compressional strength values of the soil increased. This increase continued until the 28th day and had a reducing trend after improvement with SWC, linked to time. In addition to the reaction between SWC and OS, the time-dependent behavior of OS also contributed to this behavior. With the increase in SWC proportions, the cohesion intercept and internal friction angle values rapidly increased until the 56th day. This increase began to reduce after the 56th day. After stabilization, the swelling percentage and compressibility values for the soil reduced. The addition of SWC within organic soil appeared to improve the engineering properties of the soil.
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    Engineering properties of pozzolanic cement-stabilized organic soil
    (Geological Soc Publ House, 2024) Avci, Eyubhan; Balci, Mehmet Can; Toprak, Muhammed Ali
    In this study, the engineering properties of organic soil (OS) stabilized with pozzolanic cement (PC) were investigated. In tests, 10, 15 and 20% proportions of PC were added to organic soil. Consistency limit, Proctor, unconfined compressive strength (UCS), triaxial (TA), swelling and compressibility tests were performed on the OS stabilized with PC. The addition of PC to OS increased the maximum dry density (MDD) and optimum moisture content (OMC) values. The UCS values for the OS stabilized with PC increased up to day 56 and then there was a reduction in the UCS after day 56. The internal friction angle value increased by 26% and the cohesion intercept value increased by 86% for the OS stabilized with PC. With the increase in the cement content in the OS stabilized with PC, the UCS, internal friction angle and cohesion intercept values increased. Swelling of the OS stabilized with PC rapidly reduced up to day 10, and this reduction slowed after day 10. The compressibility of the OS stabilized with PC increased up until day 10, and this increase slowed after day 10. With an increase in the cement content in the OS stabilized with PC, swelling and compressibility values reduced. As a result of the study, it appears that pozzolanic cement is an effective stabilizer for organic soil.
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    Prevention of Wind Erosion in Salty Lands of Urmia Lake with Butadiene Carboxylic Latex and Cement Grout
    (Springer Int Publ Ag, 2023) Ahbab, Amirhossein; Sardroud, Seyedeh Nahideh Eshaghi; Katebi, Hooshang; Avci, Eyubhan
    Known as one of the serious environmental problems, wind erosion can affect infrastructures, agricultural lands, human health and may create political problems between nations. By changing the climate in recent years and due to wind blowing in the area, the salt storms are generated in nearby salt lands. In this experimental study, the effectiveness of butadiene carboxylic latex emulsion and cement grout in preventing wind erosion in Urmia Lake region was investigated. The stabilized samples' resistance to wind erosion in an open-loop low-speed wind tunnel have been modeled based on the specific critical situation of study area (wind velocity of 30 m.s(-1)). The erosion rate decreased with the increment in the amount of cement grout sprayed on salt samples. Wind erosion rate decreased with increasing Butadiene carboxylic latex content in salt samples stabilized with butadiene carboxylic latex. It was observed that Butadiene carboxylic latex is more effective than cement grout in stabilizing salty lands against wind erosion. Wind erosion rate decreased by an average of 95% in stabilization with cement grout and 99% in stabilization with butadiene carboxylic latex. Experimental studies showed that both butadiene carboxylic latex and cement grout can be used to prevent wind erosion in Urmia Lake Salts.
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    Soil Amplification and Code Compliance: A Case Study of the 2023 Kahramanmaraş Earthquakes in Hayrullah Neighborhood
    (Mdpi, 2025) Avci, Eyubhan; Afacan, Kamil Bekir; Deveci, Emre; Uysal, Melih; Altundas, Suna; Balci, Mehmet Can
    In the earthquakes that occurred in the Pazarc & imath;k (Mw = 7.7) and Elbistan (Mw = 7.6) districts of Kahramanmara & scedil; Province on 6 February 2023, many buildings collapsed in the Hayrullah neighborhood of the Oniki & scedil;ubat district. In this study, we investigated whether there was a soil amplification effect on the damage occurring in the Hayrullah neighborhood of the Oniki & scedil;ubat district of Kahramanmara & scedil; Province. Firstly, borehole, SPT, MASW (multi-channel surface wave analysis), microtremor, electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), and vertical electrical sounding (VES) tests were carried out in the field to determine the engineering properties and behavior of soil. Laboratory tests were also conducted using samples obtained from bore holes and field tests. Then, an idealized soil profile was created using the laboratory and field test results, and site dynamic soil behavior analyses were performed on the extracted profile. According to The Turkish Building Code (TBC 2018), the earthquake level DD-2 design spectra of the project site were determined and the average design spectrum was created. Considering the seismicity of the project site and TBC (2018) criteria (according to site-specific faulting, distance, and average shear wave velocity), 11 earthquake ground motion sets were selected and harmonized with DD-2 spectra in short, medium, and long periods. Using scaled motions, the soil profile was excited with 22 different earthquake scenarios and the results were obtained for the equivalent and non-linear models. The analysis showed that the soft soil conditions in the area amplified ground shaking by up to 2.8 times, especially for longer periods (1.0-2.5 s). This level of amplification was consistent with the damage observed in mid- to high-rise buildings, highlighting the important role of local site effects in the structural losses seen during the Kahramanmara & scedil; earthquakes.
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    Strength and permeability properties of sodium silicate-glyoxal-stabilized silt and fine sand
    (Geological Soc Publ House, 2022) Mollamahmutoglu, Murat; Avci, Eyubhan; Deveci, Emre
    In this research, the suitability of sodium silicate-glyoxal (SG) grout to stabilize silt and fine sand was investigated. In addition, the permeability and strength properties of grouted silt-fine sand samples were determined under two particular curing circumstances and at different time intervals. Initially, the gelation time, viscosity and syneresis of SG solutions prepared at different contents were investigated to determine the suitable mixtures. In this regard, the solutions of SG2 and SG6 were determined to be the most suitable for the grouting purpose of silt and fine sand samples. Thereafter, silt and fine sand, as well as silty fine sand samples, were successfully grouted with the selected solutions of SG2 (glyoxal/sodium silicate ratio 0.23) and SG6 (glyoxal/sodium silicate ratio 0.25). Unconfined compressive strength (UCS) tests were conducted on the successfully grouted air-dried and wet-cured samples on days 7, 14, 28, 56 and 90 of curing. While the UCS values of air-dried samples ranged from 1.36 to 2.17 MPa, the UCS values of wet-cured samples varied from 0.43 to 1.01 MPa. Whilst the lowest UCS of grouted samples was obtained under wet-cured conditions, the highest UCS of grouted samples was recorded under air-dried conditions. Moreover, the permeabilities of injected silt and fine sand samples ranged from 1.02 x 10(-5) to 3.77 x 10(-6) cm s(-1). The permeabilities of silt and fine sand samples were decreased through SG grouting by two-four orders of magnitude. In general, SG grouting, organic in nature and environment friendly, was successful in stabilizing the silt and fine sand where the cementitious grouting failed to penetrate.
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    THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT CURING TEMPERATURES ON THE STRENGTH OF MICROFINE CEMENT GROUTED SANDS
    (Serban Solacolu Foundation, 2021) Avci, Eyubhan
    In this experimental study, the effects of different curing temperatures and curing conditions on the unconfined compressive strength of microfine cement injected sand samples were investigated. The experiments started with determination of the rheological properties of the microfine cement suspensions prepared in different Water/Cement (W/C) ratios. With the increase in the W/C ratio, setting times and bleeding percentage decreased and viscosity values increased. After determination of rheological properties, injection experiments were carried out microfine cement suspensions with W/C ratios of 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0. While the injectability was increased with the increase of W/C ratio, it also decreased with the increase of the fine sand content. The samples that were successful in injection were kept in different curing temperatures and conditions. Then, the unconfined compressive strength tests were carried out on the 3rd, 7th, 14th, 28th, 56th and 120th days. The unconfined compressive strengths of the grouted sand samples were increased with time and the rate of increase started to slow down after a certain value. Due to the increase of temperature, the grouted sand samples were gained faster strength. The unconfined compressive strength values of the injected samples increased with increasing temperature. The unconfined compressive strength of the sand samples that were grouted and kept in the air-dried environment was higher than the unconfined compressive strength of the sand samples that were injected and kept in the wet-curing conditions.