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    A Novel Approach to the Development of Natural Resin-Based Biopolymer in the Presence of a Reusable Catalyst: Characterization and Modeling of Material Properties
    (Wiley, 2025) Angin, Naile; Ertas, Murat; Aras, Omur; Genc, Merve
    The rise in environmental and health concerns has led to increasing attention to nature-derived materials. Natural resin (NR) is secreted by pine trees, and it is a great monomer source for synthesizing biopolymers. The objective of this study is to produce terpene rosin phenolic resin (TRPR) from NR, turpentine, and phenol by applying a novel polymerization technique. An environmentally friendly and reusable catalyst (Amberlyst15) was chosen instead of traditional ones. TRPR samples were chemically characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) analysis. The average molecular weight (Mw) of TRPR was detected as 560 g/mol. Artificial neural network (ANN) modeling was designed with three inputs (pressure, temperature, and terpene/NR ratio) and four outputs (reaction yield, acid value, saponification value, and softening point). The highest TRPR yield was obtained with a terpene/NR ratio of (1/2) at 80 degrees C and under 3 atm. The lowest acid and saponification values were calculated as 90.54 and 100.11 mg KOH/g, respectively. The softening point of TRPR reached 80 degrees C and it was suggested for use in the paper, ink, and adhesive industries. image
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    Effect of alkyl ketene dimer on chemical and thermal properties of polylactic acid (PLA) hybrid composites
    (Elsevier, 2022) Angin, Naile; Caylak, Sena; Ertas, Murat; Cavdar, Ayfer Donmez
    In this study, the influence of alkyl ketene dimer (AKD) on the chemical and thermal properties of natural fiber (NF) and glass fiber (GF) reinforced poly(lactic acid) (PLA) composites was investigated. The hybrid PLA composites were manufactured by extrusion technique followed by hot press molding. The thermal properties of the composites were evaluated with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), heat deflection temperature (HDT) and thermal conductivity tests. In addition, the hybrid PLA composites were characterized by using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy to determine the relationship between AKD and NF. The crystallinity degree of NF/GF/PLA (10/20/70) was improved to 54.4% with the addition of AKD, which was 18.4% higher than that of the neat PLA. However, the degradation temperatures of the hybrid PLA composites did not change by adding AKD. The HDT of the hybrid PLA composites decreased with the addition of AKD depending on filler type. Although, GF had no a significant influence on thermal conductivity, the thermal conductivity of the GF/PLA (30/70) composites decreased to 0.092 W/mK by adding AKD. In the light of findings, the fact that AKD did not have adversely effect on the thermal and thermo-mechanical properties of biocomposites increased the potential of AKD usage as a compatibilizer in PLA matrix.
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    Hybrid thermoplastic composite reinforced natural fiber and inorganic filler
    (Walter De Gruyter Gmbh, 2023) Cavdar, Ayfer Donmez; Torun, Sevda Boran; Pesman, Emrah; Angin, Naile; Ertas, Murat; Mengeloglu, Fatih
    This chapter summarizes the recent studies on natural and synthetic short fiber-filled thermoplastic-based hybrid composites. This review will provide information on the manufacturing processes and the structure, and the properties of hybrid thermoplastic composites, in separate sections. It supplies data on physical, mechanical, morphological, rheological properties, and thermal and flammability characterizations of select hybrid composites. This chapter underlines the importance of hybrid thermoplastic composite in achieving predetermined material performances. Recent studies have proven that the hybridizations of natural fiber and inorganic filler might provide exceptional and promising features.
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    Investigation of Indoor Noise Pollution Level and Air Quality of Furniture Manufacturers
    (North Carolina State Univ Dept Wood & Paper Sci, 2024) Tasdemir, Cagatay; Yildirim, Yalcin; Uysal, Mesut; Angin, Naile; Ertas, Murat
    Indoor air quality has become a more prominent concern since the arrival of the COVID-19 pandemic. Manufacturing industries have always been prone to occupational health risks, which depend on the dynamics of the production shop floors. The furniture industry is one of these sectors with a unique work environment. Although a typical furniture manufacturing facility involves physical, chemical, and noise pollution-producing elements, this industry has been studied relatively less for indoor air quality and noise-related risks. This study investigated nine fumiture manufacturing organizations' indoor air quality and noise pollution levels through comprehensive quantitative techniques. The results of the measurements were compared against reference values set by specific guidelines to explore the degree of occupational health risk associated with the World Health Organization's (WHO) suggested levels. Repetitive measurements from five pre-designated workstations were taken at each facility. The study's results indicated that organization size and department were significant factors for PM 2.5 and HCHO parameters, while only department type was substantial for noise exposure levels. However, across all departments and organization sizes, LAeq noise levels were below the safety threshold of 85 dB(A). Most organizations presented a lack of proper use of personal protective equipment and poor ventilation across shop floors.
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    Mechanical characteristics and hydrophobicity of alkyl ketene dimer compatibilized hybrid biopolymer composites
    (Wiley, 2021) Caylak, Sena; Ertaş, Murat; Cavdar, Ayfer Donmez; Angin, Naile
    In this study, the effect of alkyl ketene dimer (AKD) on the mechanical and physical properties of natural fiber (NF) and glass fiber (GF) reinforced poly(lactic acid) (PLA) composites were investigated in detail. The hybrid PLA composites were manufactured by extrusion method followed by hot press molding. AKD was used to improve the hydrophobicity of hybrid PLA composites and compatibility of NF and PLA in the polymer matrix. The tensile and flexural tests, thickness swelling, water absorption, and contact angle measurements were accomplished for determining the performance of the hybrid PLA composites. The surface morphology of the hybrid PLA composites was also performed by scanning electron microscopy. The incorporation of AKD and NF into PLA matrix improved the mechanical strengths by 40% and above compared to those of samples without AKD. But, tensile and flexural moduli decreased as 7% and 14% of the samples with NF and AKD, respectively. Contact angle was higher for the hybrid PLA composites with AKD compared with the composites without AKD. However, the results revealed that in the presence of GF, AKD had no significant effect on overall properties of the hybrid PLA composites. In the light of the findings, AKD may have a potential usage as coupling agent in the NF filled PLA composites.
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    Thermal and electrical behaviors of activated carbon-filled PLA/PP hybrid biocomposites
    (Elsevier, 2023) Angin, Naile; Ertas, Murat; Caylak, Sena; Fidan, Muhammed Said
    Activated carbon-based composites are prominent thanks to their unique surface properties, high thermal and mechanical stability, and good electrical performance. They are also used to produce special-purpose hybrid composites in strategic sectors such as defense, military, microelectronic, and medical industries. Hence, this study was expected to enlighten the thermal and electrical effect of activated carbon (AC) on polylactic acid (PLA)/polypropylene (PP) hybrid biocomposites and determine the possible advantages of using compatibilizers in hybrid biocomposites between natural fiber and polymer matrix. AC was produced by combining chemical (pre-activation) and thermal activation (pyrolysis) techniques. The AC-filled hybrid PLA/PP biocomposites were manufactured by extrusion process followed by hot-press molding. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, thermal conductivity analysis, and electrical resistivity were conducted to measure the thermal behaviors of the biocomposites. The results showed that the crystallization temperatures (Tc) of the hybrid biocomposites increased by about 5 degrees C with the addition of AC to the biocomposite blend. The thermal insulation properties of hybrid biocomposites were up to 40% higher performance compare to virgin polymers due to the porous nature of AC and natural fiber. The hybrid composites conduct electricity slightly by adding AC to the PLA/PP polymer matrix. Thanks to adding a compatibilizer to the composite, a filling effect on porosity was observed and electrical conductivity improved by up to 66% in some samples.