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Öğe Atmospheric aggravation potential of a wastewater treatment plant concerning organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, and polybrominated diphenyl ether emissions(Elsevier Ltd, 2025) Sanli, Busra; Gedik, Kadir; Birgul, Askin; Akcetin, Merve Ozkaleli; Kurt-Karakus, Perihan BinnurThe pollution potential of a municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Bursa, Türkiye, in terms of organochlorine pesticides (?22OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (?46PCBs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (?14PBDEs), was investigated in air samples. Concentrations were determined using polyurethane foam disk samplers at key processes, such as the aeration tank (AT) and settling chamber (SC) of the WWTP and the background area (BA) at an urban site. Atmospheric concentration levels of PBDEs at the SC are 1.3 times higher than at the AT site. PCBs concentration levels are listed as SC > BA > AT from high to low. The highest OCPs concentration levels were detected at the BA site while the lowest concentration levels were obtained for the SC site. Compared to organochlorine pollutants (PCBs and OCPs), PBDEs levels were higher by two orders of magnitude ranging from 0.2 to 54.3 ng/g. While the presence of OCPs was not significant, an unusual abundance of mirex was observed. HCB, HCHs (excluding ?-HCH), and p,p’-DDE resulting mainly from the settling tank indicate enhanced mass transfer from wastewater to air. Regarding PCBs, the level and detection frequency of dioxin-like PCBs (118, 123) in the aeration tank and the settling chamber were remarkable. The upper levels of PBDEs congeners 17, 85, 138, 153, and 154 resulting from the settling tank suggest an enhanced mass transfer from water to air as the source medium. Although the primary fate of trace organics in WWTPs is expected to be sorption to sludge, the present study has shown that WWTPs can be a non-negligible source of local atmospheric PCB and PBDE pollution. However, this study provides a snapshot of the levels of persistent organic pollutants and emissions, and there is no doubt that more detailed and long-term studies are needed. © 2024 Elsevier LtdÖğe BPA and its analogues in thermal papers: an assessment of presence and dermal exposure(Royal Soc Chemistry, 2025) Akcetin, Merve Ozkaleli; Gul, Hatice Kubra; Goren, Ismail Ethem; Daglioglu, Nebile; Kurt-Karakus, Perihan BinnurThermal papers are a significant source of exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) and other phenolic compounds (PCs), absorbed through the skin via dermal contact. This study analyzed thermal paper receipts from various commercial settings in T & uuml;rkiye to assess BPA and its structural analogs. For both deterministic and probabilistic risk assessments, the estimated daily intake (EDI), hazard quotient (HQ), and hazard index (HI) were calculated for the general population and workers exposed via dermal contact from handling thermal receipts. The results showed that BPA and bisphenol S (BPS) were the most frequently detected chemicals (detected in 99% and 100% of samples, respectively) with concentrations ranging from 1.98-1061 mu g per g paper and 0.070-210 mu g per g paper in thermal paper receipts in T & uuml;rkiye, respectively. The EDI of PCs based on the mean concentration determined in the samples for the general population ranged between 0.00000184 mu g per kg per day and 0.000445 mu g per kg per day, whereas it ranged between 0.0000919 mu g per kg per day and 0.022 mu g per kg per day for occupational exposure of workers. The EDI value based on the mean concentration detected in samples was 0.000445 mu g per kg per day and 0.00223 mu g per kg per day for the general population and occupational exposure, respectively. Exposure to BPS was lower, resulting in exposure values of 0.000039 mu g per kg per day and 0.002 mu g per kg per day for the general population and occupational exposure, respectively. Although these mean concentration based exposure levels are below the U.S. EPA reference dose (50 mu g per kg per day for BPA), they exceed the more stringent European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) total daily intake (TDI) limits set for BPA (0.0002 mu g per kg per day) in some cases, indicating potential health risks. The HQ and HI analyses further underscore the risks, particularly for workers, with HI values surpassing safe thresholds. The study calls for stricter regulations on BPA and its analogs in thermal papers due to the significant risks, even from BPA-free products that use BPS as a substitute.Öğe First insight into polybrominated diphenyl ethers in car dust in Turkey: concentrations and human exposure implications(Springer Heidelberg, 2020) Akcetin, Merve Ozkaleli; Gedik, Kadir; Balci, Selcuk; Gul, Hatice Kubra; Birgül, Aşkın; Kurt Karakuş, Perihan BinnurThe presence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the car is due to their use as a flame retardant additive in various car components such as dashboard, plastic parts, seat and headliner cushion foams, insulated cables, and electronic circuits. Ingestion of dust inadvertently or dermal contact to dust are significant pathways of human exposure to pollutants including PBDEs. There are no studies documenting presence of car dust associated flame retardants in Turkey. In the current study, a total of 13 PBDEs congeners were investigated in 62 car dust samples collected from Bursa province of Turkey using glass-fiber filters and a vacuum cleaner. Results of the study showed that congener concentrations were within the range ofÖğe Formal E-waste facilities as a source of mercury to air and soil in Turkiye(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2025) Kurt-Karakus, Perihan Binnur; Akcetin, Merve Ozkaleli; Birgul, Askin; Kara, Melik; Dumanoglu, Yetkin; Yaman, Baris; Odabasi, MustafaSpatio-temporal variations of mercury concentrations in air and soil were measured near 20 formal e-waste recycling facilities and 8 background locations in 8 provinces in Turkiye between June 2021 and May 2022. Annual average Gaseous Elemental Mercury (GEM) concentrations in air at the studied formal e-waste facilities averaged 34 ng/m(3) (range from 2.2 to 273 ng/m(3)), exceeding by more than an order of magnitude average levels of 2.2 ng/m(3) (range from 1.6 to 2.6 ng/m(3)) at background sites. Total mercury concentration (THg) concentration in soils near formal e-waste processing facilities of 0.88 mg/kg dw (range from 0.17 and 12 mg/kg dw) similarly exceeded levels of 0.053 mg/kg dw (range from 0.01 to 0.11 mg/kg dw) in background soils. No clear seasonality in air or soil mercury concentrations were observed, possibly due to variations in the magnitude of recycling operations and in the type of consumer products being recycled in different seasons. Indices such as Enhancement Factor (EF) and Geoaccumulation Index (I-geo) used to define pollution degree/classification in studied areas. EF and I-geo values showed that 25 % and 5 % of air and soil samples taken near formal e-waste facilities, respectively, are very strongly polluted (EF and I-geo are > 3). Based on the overall mean I-geo index, 33.75 % of these soil samples are moderately to extremely contaminated (I-geo is greater than 1). Formal e-waste recycling facilities in Turkiye clearly are a source of mercury to the surrounding environment.Öğe Gaseous elemental mercury emissions from informal E-Waste recycling facilities in Pakistan(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2023) Kazim, Mureed; Syed, Jabir Hussain; Kurt-Karakus, Perihan Binnur; Akcetin, Merve Ozkaleli; Akram, Sumaira; Birgul, Askin; Wania, FrankDetrimental effects of mercury (Hg) on ecosystems and human health have been well-documented. Whereas emissions of gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) from e-waste recycling have been reported in developed countries, much less is known about the situation in the Global South. Using a total of 132 passive air samplers, seasonally resolved concentrations of GEM in air were measured continuously at 32 informal e-waste recycling facilities and background location in Pakistan for a period of one year between September 2020 and December 2021. Annual average GEM concentrations at the studied locations ranged from 1.8 to 92 ng m- 3. Among the studied cities, higher concentrations were measured in Karachi (mean +/- s.d: 17 +/- 22, range: 4.2-92 ng m-3), Lahore (16 +/- 4.2, 8.2-22 ng m-3) and Peshawar (15 +/- 17, 4.9-80 ng m-3), while lower levels were measured in Hyderabad (6.9 +/- 6.2, 3.1-25 ng m-3), consistent with a higher rate of informal recycling activities in metropolitan areas. Seasonally, higher GEM levels occurred during autumn (15 +/- 16: 3.3-92 ng m-3) and summer (13 +/- 8.7: 1.8-80 ng m-3) than in winter (12 +/- 8.4: 2.5-49 ng m-3) and spring (9.2 +/- 7.3: 1.8-80 ng m-3), possibly reflecting enhanced volatilization at higher temperatures and/or varying magnitude of recycling operations in different seasons. Policies and strict regulations related to e-waste management should be developed and implemented urgently in the country.Öğe Gaseous Elemental Mercury Emissons from Selected E-Waste Processing Facilities in Turkey(Mehmet Sinan Bilgili, 2022) Kurt-Karakus, Perihan Binnur; Odabasi, Mustafa; Akcetin, Merve Ozkaleli; Birgul, Askin; Kara, Melik; Dumanoglu, Yetkin; Wania, FrankThe amount of mercury contained in each unit of electrical and electronic waste (WEEE) is low (about 2-10 mg per equipment). However, it is estimated that all the mercury in the annually produced WEEE accounts for about 22% of the world mercury consumption. Facilities focusing on WEEE recycling have grown enormously in recent years and unfortunately some of this e-waste contains mercury or mercury compounds. The mercury may be released into the environment from consumer products during the recycling processes. Additionally, the recyclers themselves face the possibility of mercury exposure. Environmentally sound management of WEEE needs to involve the informal recycling industry which plays an important part in waste management. The global Minamata Convention on Mercury (Hg), created recently through the United Nations Environmental Programme, requires its signatories to perform improved atmospheric Hg monitoring and characterization of Hg sources. In this study, we evaluate the gaseous mercury emissions from selected licensed WEEE facilities to the atmosphere in different provinces of Turkey by employing a passive air sampling technique.Öğe Phthalates in diapers: Assessment of dermal exposure of babies and environmental phthalate release(Elsevier Ltd, 2025) Gul, Hatice Kubra; Tanrikulu, Samiye; Akcetin, Merve Ozkaleli; Da?lio?lu, Nebile; Goren, Ismail Ethem; Kurt-Karakus, Perihan BinnurIn the current study the presence of selected phthalates in diapers used in Türkiye and release of phthalates through baby diapers into waste disposal sites were investigated. Targeted phthalates were analyzed in three different layers of a total of 39 diaper samples sold in the Turkish market. Butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), Diethyl phthalate (DEP) and Di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) were detected in all three layers of diapers. Based on the results obtained, diaper-originated dermal exposure of babies (0–2.5 years) to phthalates and environmental phthalate loading amounts due to disposal of diapers were calculated. Deterministic and probabilistic risk assessment showed that MOE and MOEtotal values were higher than 1000, indicating that exposure to the phthalates detected in these diapers did not pose a risk for babies. Additionally, the amount of phthalates loading due to the disposal of diapers to the environment ranges from 13.0 to 407 kg year?1 depending on the diaper brand. Based on the estimated number of newborns and infants, the highest phthalate release was estimated to be in Istanbul province (71.6 kg year?1), while, the lowest phthalate release was estimated to be in Tunceli province (0.011 kg year?1). © 2025 Elsevier LtdÖğe Stockholm Convention Flame Retardant Emissons from Selected E-Waste Processing Facilities in Turkey(Mehmet Sinan Bilgili, 2022) Odabasi, Mustafa; Kurt-Karakus, Perihan Binnur; Birgul, Askin; Dumanoglu, Yetkin; Kara, Melik; Akcetin, Merve Ozkaleli; Syed, JabirE-waste processing facilities are hot spots for several chemicals to the environment including flame retardants. The current study investigates certain brominated flame retardants (FRs) emissions to air from selected waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) processing facilities in Turkey by employing passive air sampling technique. As WEEE has been recognized as a potential source of contaminants including flame retardants to the environment, severe environmental pollution and human health problems may arise from these sites if such wastes are not recycled properly. Researches conducted in other parts of the world reported extremely high concentrations of PBDEs in soil, dust, air and biological samples collected nearby WEEE processing facilities. As a signatory to the Stockholm Convention, which is an international agreement to protect human and environmental health from the adverse effects of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) including certain brominated flame retardants, Turkey is obliged to perform improved monitoring and characterization of POPs sources to the environment. As the turnover of WEEE in waste management facilities has grown rapidly in recent years, we think such facilities may act as hot spots of FRs emissions to air. To the authors' best knowledge, the current study aiming to determine the emissions of selected organic brominated FRs to the air from licensed WEEE processing facilities is the first study in Turkey to investigate such an environmental pollution status.
