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Öğe Assesment of Optimum Timber Extraction Methods Using Geographic Information System-Based Multi-Criteria Decision Support Method(Aves, 2024) Tas, Inanc; Akay, Abdullah Emin; Eker, Mehmet; Gumues, Selcuk; Demir, Murat; Acar, H. Hulusi; Ozdemir, MehmetTimber extraction is a time-consuming and difficult stage of producing the wood-based forest products, involving economic and ecological sensitivity. In this study, it was aimed to determine the optimum extraction methods in terms of productivity and environmental effects by integrating the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) method with geographic information systems (GIS). The study was implemented in the coniferous stands located within the borders of Baharlar Forest Enterprise Chief (FEC) in Ayvac & imath;k Forest Enterprise Directorate (FED) in Bal & imath;kesir in T & uuml;rkiye. The main criteria in AHP were slope, skidding (transporting) distance, soil factor, stand age and yield. In the study, tractor skidding, tractor winching, chute system and skyline yarding methods were evaluated by considering environmental effects including residual tree damage and potential impacts on forest soil. In the solution phase, a total of eight suitability maps were produced for four extraction methods for productivity and environmental effects assessment. After the suitability maps were generated, digital data layers of working time were produced for each extraction method using equations about machine working times obtained from previous studies. As a result of the study, it was determined that skidding distance and slope were the criteria with the highest impact in almost all extraction methods for productivity and environmental aspects. In tractor skidding, it was found that soil factor and skidding distance have the highest impact in terms of environmental effects. When considering productivity, the results showed that the most commonly preferred extraction method was the tractor winching (43.30%), followed by the tractor skidding (25.34%). While the chute system was preferred in approximately 20.92% of the area, the least preferred method was the skyline yarding (10.44%). When evaluated in terms of environmental effects, it was determined that tractor skidding (34.02%) was widely preferred, followed by chute system (26.95%), tractor winching (20.96%) and skyline yarding (18.07%).Öğe Controlled sliding of logs downhill by chute system integrated with portable winch and synthetic rope(2016) Gülci, Neşe; Akay, Abdullah Emin; Erdaş, Orhan; Acar, H. Hulusi; Wing, Michael G.Ülkemizde bölmeden çıkarma çalışmaları %80’in üzerinde geleneksel yöntemlerle yürütülmektedir. Bu metotlar sırasında, insan ve hayvan gücü ile sürüterek, atarak ya da kaydırılarak gerçekleştirilen bölmeden çıkarma çalışmaları, teknik, ekonomik, çevresel ve ergonomik açılardan problemlidir. Son yıllarda sınırlı sayıda uygulanan plastik olukla taşıma sistemi, çevre zararlarının azaltılması yanında, taşınan odun hammaddesindeki değer ve hacim kayıplarının minimumda tutulması gibi önemli faydalar sağlamaktadır. Bu çalışmada, dağlık arazide kalın çaplı odun hammaddesinin yamaç aşağı kontrollü kaydırılması amacı ile taşınabilir vinç ile entegre edilmiş bir oluk sistemi geliştirilmiştir. Ayrıca, sistemin daha hafif olması için mevcut uygulamaların aksine çelik halat değil sentetik halat kullanılmıştır. Sistem, Kahramanmaraş Orman İşletme Müdürlüğü, Çınarpınar İşletme Şefliği sınırları içerisinde örnek bir üretim çalışmasında test edilmiştir. Çalışmada oluk sisteminin verimlilik analizleri gerçekleştirilmiş ve ekolojik etkileri incelenmiştir. Yamaç aşağı kontrollü kaydırmada, en yüksek verim (10,01 m3 /saat) 36 m ve %70 eğime sahip 4 no'lu oluk sisteminde bulunmuştur. Oluk sisteminin ortalama verimi üzerinde etkili olan ana faktörlerin başında taşınan odun hammaddelerini kontrollü kaydırma zamanı gelmektedir. Kontrollü kaydırma operasyonlarında kalan ağaç zararının çok sınırlı sayıda kaldığı tespit edilmiştir.Öğe Productivity Analysis of Chute System integrated with Portable Winch and Synthetic Rope for Uphill Logging Operation(2017) Gülci, Neşe; Akay, Abdullah E.; Erdaş, Orhan; Acar, H. HulusiTimber extraction activities are generally conducted by using traditional logging methods that involve little or no mechanization. In recent decade, plastic chute systems have been employed as alternative method during timber extraction. There is an increasing interest in implementing chute system because this alternative method reduces the value and volume loss of timber and minimize the total time of logging operation. Even though chute system had been used to extract small size timber in the early times, it has been employed to transport large size logs in recent years. In previous studies, chute system was analyzed during downhill transportation of wood products by gravity force. In this study, chute system integrated with portable winch was developed to haul large logs uphill direction. Besides, synthetic rope was used instead of steel rope in order to reduce weight of the system. The chute system was tested in a harvesting operation take place in Çınarpınar Forest Enterprise Chief in the border of Kahramanmaraş Forest Regional Directorate in Turkey. Productivity of the uphill logging operation was examined for three chute distances (36 m, 48 m, 60 m) at three ground slope classes (30%, 50%, 70%). The results indicated that the highest productivity $(7.00m^3/hr)$ was reached at the shortest chute system with 30% slope. The main factors that affect productivity was total time of winching logs uphill within chute system. It was found that chute system integrated with portable winch was more economic, practical, and efficient method comparing with traditional logging methods.Öğe Using GIS Techniques for Modeling Noise Propagation from Mechanized Harvesting Equipment(2019) Akay, Abdullah Emin; Acar, H. HulusiThe noise is a kind of environmental pollutions that affects human health and decreases performance of people, education, and home life. Harvesting activities in forestry are one of working environments where noise effect is very intense. Noise is an element of environmental pollution that is effective on human health and needs to be controlled. To evaluate the noise effect, maps of noise propagation are used. The noise map is defined as numerical model of noise sources. The changes in sound level determined by measurements in certain points are shown in noise map. Noise maps are used in calculation of average sound level if it is within acceptable limits and in determination of risky areas where employees are adversely effected. Computer-aided systems have been used in modeling noise propagation in recent years. SPreAD-GIS is free program developed to estimate acoustic effects of anthropogenic noise propagation and adapted to ArcGIS software. In this study, it was aimed to introduce SPreAD-GIS program that can be used to model noise propagation caused by mechanized harvesting equipment. In addition, main factors affecting noise propagation in forest (elevation, land use type, temperature, humidity, wind direction and intensity, climate and weather conditions) were evaluated.Öğe USING GIS TECHNIQUES FOR MODELING OF ANTHROPOGENIC NOISE PROPAGATION GENERATED BY A CHAINSAW IN FOREST HARVESTING(Croatian Forestry Soc, 2022) Akay, Abdullah E.; Acar, H. Hulusi; Kalkan, BuseNoise is an environmental pollution that negatively affects human health and reduces the performance of employees. Forest harvesting activities are one of the working environments where noise effect is intense. The most common equipment used in forest operations is chainsaw whose noise affects not only the operator but also the wildlife in the territory. The noise maps showing noise propagation can be effectively used in evaluating and controlling the noise effects. In this study, it was aimed to measure the anthropogenic noise levels resulting from the chainsaw used in tree felling and to map its noise propagation with SPreAD-GIS (System for Prediction of Acoustic Detectability) which is a GIS (Geographical Information Systems) based noise prediction software. The study was conducted in Karacabey Flooded Forest within the city of Bursa in Tiirkiye. The results indicated that the average noise level from the chainsaw was above the danger limit (90 dBA) that causes increased physiological reactions and headache on the workers. According to the noise propagation map, the noise exposure of the employees exceeded the warning limit (85 dBA) and the maximum noise level was 95.96 dBA during the harvesting activity. In some parts of the study area, the noise level was 45 dBA or above, causing negative effects on bird species. It can be concluded that the noise maps can be effectively used to determine noise propagation generated by a chainsaw and evaluate the noise effects on the operators and as well as on the bird species in the perimeter.
