A Levenberg–Marquardt Learning-Based Artificial Neural Network Controller for Battery Charging in Hydrogen and Solar-Powered Electric Vehicle Stations

Abstract

Green energy and renewable energy sources (RESs) are between the most important topics in power, energy, and transportation and are crucial for sustainability for next generations. When a hydrogen fuel cell or solar array is used for the electric vehicle (EV), the next step is using an efficient, high power, and simple structure based power electronics converter to storage the energy of these RESs into the battery pack. The integration of artificial intelligence into the control and optimization of DC–DC power converters presents promising opportunities in improving energy management and efficiency in EV sector. This study presents a low-input current and low voltage stress topology for application in fuel cell to battery charging systems in EVs. A current filter by forming a switched inductor cell at the input side of the converter guarantees a small ripple for input sources that enhances the longevity and long-life of the FC stacks or solar panels. The application of the switched capacitor circuits at the input and end sides of the converter decreases the voltage stress across the semiconductor devices and enhances the mean time to failure rate of the converter that is between the most important features of a converter. The presented topology enhances the input voltage to 7 and 19 times for duty ratios equal to 0.5 and 0.8, respectively, while the switch experiences three and nine times the input voltage for the same duty ratios, which is considerable. The configuration of the diodes and capacitors in the switched capacitor, by dividing the total voltage stress, results in impressively low voltage ripples. This converter includes one power switch, which minimizes the complexity of the controller and enhances the feasibility. The converter design incorporates a three-layer, three-input artificial neural network structure. The regression values were 0.982 for training, 0.983 for testing, and 0.9827 overall, indicating minimal prediction error and confirming the effective training of the neural network model. The laboratory test results for power levels around 200 W have been presented and confirm the correctness of the proposed algorithm and the application of the proposed converter. To obtain 0.5 A for the load under a 350 VDC output voltage, the input source presents an average current equal to 8 A, and the switch experiences around 160 V voltage stress across the drain–source pins. Results show that Inductor L<inf>2</inf> has lower current stress than Inductor L<inf>1</inf>. © 2026 Wiley-VCH GmbH.