Bitkisel kökenli maddenin toprak temizlenmesinde kullanılabilirliğinin araştırılması
Küçük Resim Yok
Tarih
2017
Yazarlar
Dergi Başlığı
Dergi ISSN
Cilt Başlığı
Yayıncı
Bursa Teknik Üniversitesi
Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
Kalıcı organik kirleticiler, toprağın yapısında çok uzun ömürlü ve besin zinciri boyunca biyoakümülasyon potansiyeli olan kirleticiler olarak tanımlanmışlardır. DDT (2,2-bis(klorofenil)-1,1,1-trikloroetan) 1960-1970'li yıllarda küresel çapta en çok kullanılan böcek öldürücülerden biridir ve 1985'te yasaklanıncaya kadar Türkiye'de yaygın bir şekilde uygulanmıştır. p,p'-DDT, toprakta abiyotik ve biyotik olarak 2,2 bis(klorofenil)-1,1- dikloroetane (p,p'-DDD) ve 2,2- bis(klorofenil)-1,1-dikloroetilen (p,p'-DDE)'e parçalanabilmektedir. p,p'-DDT ve dönüşüm ürünleri kalıcı organik kirleticiler olarak sınıflandırılmıştır ve toprak ile sedimente kuvvetle bağlanmaktadırlar. DDT ve chlordane aşırı derecede hidrofobik organoklorlu bileşikler olup (log Kow>5) zaman içerisinde toprağın yapısında hızlıca bağlanmaktadır ve biyolojik olarak kullanımı azalmaktadır. Fitoremediasyon dışında ki yerinde arıtım teknolojileri, zor ve yeterince verimli değildirlerdir. Ancak kirli topraklarda organik değişiklikler yapabilmek için ucuz, tercih edilen ve yüksek derecede etkili yeni bir remediasyon teknolojisine ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Bitkisel bazlı maddenin topraktaki p,p'-DDE'nin desorpsiyonunu değerlendirmek için bir dizi batch ve leachate deneyleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çözünme deneylerinde 8 gram p,p'-DDE ile kirlenmiş toprağın olduğu tüplere 0,8 gram BKM ve 150 mililitre safsu eklenmiştir. Kapakları kapalı bir şekilde 6 gün boyunca karıştırıcı tabla üzerinde karışan numunelere sıvı sıvı ekstraksiyon yapılmış ve sıvı fazlardaki p,p'-DDE miktarları GC/ECD ile ölçülmüştür. Sıvı fazdaki ortalama p,p'-DDE konsantrasyonu, kontrol deneylerine kıyasla BKM eklentisi ile 38 kat artmıştır. BKM içeren solüsyon ile yıkanan toprak numunelerinde %46'lık bir p,p'-DDE giderimi gözlemlenmiştir. Leachate deneyleri ise 500 ml'lik ayırma hunilerinde yakılmış cam boncuklar, kum ve 8 gram toprak ile yapılmıştır. 150 ml saf suyun bu faz içerisinden geçişi sağlanmıştır. Sonuçlara göre 0,8 gram BKM eklenen numuneler ile %14 p,p'-DDE giderim verimleri gözlemlenmiştir. BKM ile p,p'-DDE giderimine ilişkin daha fazla araştırmanın yapılması gerekmektedir.
Persistent Organic Pollutants are described by extremely long-lives in the soil matrix and a potential for bioaccumulation through the food chain. DDT (2,2-bis(chlorophenyl)-1,1,1- trichloroethane) was one of the most extensively used organochlorine pesticides globally during the 1960-1970s and was widely applied in Turkey until being banned in 1985. In soil, p,p'-DDT can be biotically and abiotically converted to 2,2-bis(chlorophenyl)-1,1–dichloroethane (p,p'-DDD) and 2,2-bis(chlorophenyl)-1,1–dichloroethylene (p,p'-DDE) residues. Both p,p'-DDT and its metabolites are classified as persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and bind strongly to soil and sediment organic matter. DDT and Chlordane are highly hydrophobic organochlorine compounds (log Kow> 5) become sequestered as the age in the soil matrix and their bioavailability will decline sharply over time. Except phytoremediation many in situ remediation technologies are both difficult and ineffective. Therefore, a new remediation technology which is inexpensive, socially desirable, and highly effective is needed to apply with organic amendments to remediate contaminated soils. A series of batch and leachate experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of plant based material (PBM) on dissolution and enhanced uptake of p,p'-DDE in soil. In dissolution experiments, hundred fifty milliliters of the solutions containing either 0.8 gram of (PBM) or deionized distilled (DDI) water were added to the tubes having 8 gram of p,p'-DDE contaminated soil. The tubes were sealed and put on a rotary shaker for 6 days. p,p'-DDE concentration in liquid-liquid extracted samples were measured with GC/?-ECD. An average p,p'-DDE concentration in liquid phase were sharply increased by addition of PBM which is 38 times more than that of control samples. A- 46 % of p,p'-DDE removal was obtained from the soil samples washed with solution containing PBM. Leachate experiments were conducted with baked glass beads and sand covered by a 8 grams of p,p'-DDE contaminated soil in 500 ml separation funnel. A 150 ml of DDI water was drained through the media. Based upon the results, p,p-DDE removal efficiency was approximately 14% for the set amended with 0,8 gram of PBM. Further investigation needs to be performed on PBM related dissolution and uptake of p,p'-DDE in soil.
Persistent Organic Pollutants are described by extremely long-lives in the soil matrix and a potential for bioaccumulation through the food chain. DDT (2,2-bis(chlorophenyl)-1,1,1- trichloroethane) was one of the most extensively used organochlorine pesticides globally during the 1960-1970s and was widely applied in Turkey until being banned in 1985. In soil, p,p'-DDT can be biotically and abiotically converted to 2,2-bis(chlorophenyl)-1,1–dichloroethane (p,p'-DDD) and 2,2-bis(chlorophenyl)-1,1–dichloroethylene (p,p'-DDE) residues. Both p,p'-DDT and its metabolites are classified as persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and bind strongly to soil and sediment organic matter. DDT and Chlordane are highly hydrophobic organochlorine compounds (log Kow> 5) become sequestered as the age in the soil matrix and their bioavailability will decline sharply over time. Except phytoremediation many in situ remediation technologies are both difficult and ineffective. Therefore, a new remediation technology which is inexpensive, socially desirable, and highly effective is needed to apply with organic amendments to remediate contaminated soils. A series of batch and leachate experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of plant based material (PBM) on dissolution and enhanced uptake of p,p'-DDE in soil. In dissolution experiments, hundred fifty milliliters of the solutions containing either 0.8 gram of (PBM) or deionized distilled (DDI) water were added to the tubes having 8 gram of p,p'-DDE contaminated soil. The tubes were sealed and put on a rotary shaker for 6 days. p,p'-DDE concentration in liquid-liquid extracted samples were measured with GC/?-ECD. An average p,p'-DDE concentration in liquid phase were sharply increased by addition of PBM which is 38 times more than that of control samples. A- 46 % of p,p'-DDE removal was obtained from the soil samples washed with solution containing PBM. Leachate experiments were conducted with baked glass beads and sand covered by a 8 grams of p,p'-DDE contaminated soil in 500 ml separation funnel. A 150 ml of DDI water was drained through the media. Based upon the results, p,p-DDE removal efficiency was approximately 14% for the set amended with 0,8 gram of PBM. Further investigation needs to be performed on PBM related dissolution and uptake of p,p'-DDE in soil.
Açıklama
Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Çevre Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı
Anahtar Kelimeler
Çevre Mühendisliği, Environmental Engineering
