Çapraz bağlanma yoğunluğunun nitrozamin güvenli doğal kauçuğun mekanik özellikleri ile mooney-rivlin yaklaşımı kullanılarak değerlendirilmesi
Küçük Resim Yok
Tarih
2025
Yazarlar
Dergi Başlığı
Dergi ISSN
Cilt Başlığı
Yayıncı
Bursa Teknik Üniversitesi
Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccess
Özet
Kauçuk ürünlerin çapraz bağlanma yoğunluğu (XLD), sertlik ve çekme mukavemeti gibi fiziksel ve mekanik özelliklere yansıyan ilginç parametrelerden biridir. Flory-Rehner yaklaşımı XLD' nin belirlenmesinde en çok kullanılan yöntemlerden biridir. Ancak organik solvent gereksinimi, polimer karışımlarında uygulama karmaşıklığı ve uzun test süresi uygulamadaki temel zorluklardır. Öte yandan mekanik testlere dayanan Mooney-Rivlin yaklaşımı XLD' nin solvent gerektirmeden daha pratik bir şekilde hesaplanmasını sağlamaktadır. Tetrametil thiuram disülfür (TMTD), kauçuk endüstrisinde yaygın olarak kullanılan hızlandırıcılardan biridir. Ancak vulkanizasyon işlemi sırasında yan ürün olarak kanserojen nitrozaminler üretilebilir. Tetrabenzil thiuram disülfür (TBzTD) ise nitrozamin açısından güvenli bir hızlandırıcıdır. Bu çalışmada TMTD'ye alternatif olarak TMTD (NRT-1) ve TBzTD (NRT-2) kullanılarak doğal kauçuk (NR) bazlı bileşiklerin XLD değerleri Flory-Rehner ve Mooney-Rivlin denklemi ile belirlenmiştir. Ve sonuçlar karşılaştırmalı olarak tartışılmıştır. Vulkanizasyonlar 150, 160 ve 170 ºC'de gerçekleştirildi. Flory-Rehner ve Mooney-Rivlin tarafından belirlenen XLD sonuçları arasında bir korelasyon gözlendi. İncelenen tüm sıcaklıklar için NRT-2, NRT-1'den daha yüksek XLD gösterdi. Ayrıca her iki kürleme sisteminde artan sıcaklıkla XLD'lerin azalması elde edildi. Optimum çekme mukavemeti (21 MPa) ve yırtılma mukavemeti (43 N/mm) özellikleri NRT-1 için 150 ºC'de gözlemlendi. Aynı sıcaklıkta NRT-2'nin daha yüksek çekme ve yırtılma mukavemeti sırasıyla 25 MPa ve 48 N/mm olarak belirlendi. Bu sonuçlardan şu sonuca varılmıştır. Mooney-Rivlin, pratik, ekonomik ve solvent içermeyen bir yöntem olmasının yanı sıra XLD tayini için güvenilir bir yöntem olarak önerilmektedir. NRT-3, NRT-4 ve NRT-5 çalışmasında birden farklı polimer kullanılarak çapraz bağ yoğunlukları ve fiziksel mukavemetleri ölçüldü. Farklı polimerlere sahip reçetelerin çapraz bağ yoğunluk ölçümü için metot doğrulaması yapıldı
Crosslinking density (XLD) of the rubber products is one of the curicial parameters that reflects on physical and mechanical properties such as hardness and tensile strength. The Flory-Rehner approach is one of the most widely used methods for determining of XLD. However, organic solvent requirement, application complexity in polymer blends, and long testing time are the main difficulties in the application. On the other hand, Mooney-Rivlin approximation, which is based on mechanical tests, provides the calculation of XLD in a more practical way without any solvent requirement. Tetramethylthiuram disulfide (TMTD) is one of the widely used accelerators in the rubber industry. However, carcinogenic nitrosamines can be generated as byproducts during the vulcanization process. Whereas tetrabenzylthiuram disulfide (TBzTD) is a nitrosamine-safe accelerator. In this study, XLD values of natural rubber (NR) based compounds, using TMTD (NRT-1) and TBzTD (NRT-2) as an alternative to TMTD, were determined by Flory-Rehner and Mooney-Rivlin equation. And the results are comparatively discussed. The vulcanizations were carried out at 150, 160, and 170 ºC. A correlation was observed between the XLD results determined by Flory-Rehner and Mooney-Rivlin. For all temperatures studied, NRT-2 showed higher XLD than NRT-1. Moreover, reduction of XLDs with increasing temperature for both curing systems was obtained. The optimum tensile strength (21 MPa) and tear strength (43 N/mm) properties were observed for NRT-1 at 150 ºC. At the same temperature higher tensile and tear strength of NRT-2 were determined as 25 MPa and 48 N/mm, respectively. From these results, it was concluded that . Besides being practical, economical, and solvent-free method, Mooney-Rivlin is proposed as a reliable method for XLD determination. In NRT-3, NRT-4 and NRT-5 studies, crosslink densities and physical strengths were measured using multiple different polymers. Method validation was performed for crosslink density measurement of recipes with different polymers.
Crosslinking density (XLD) of the rubber products is one of the curicial parameters that reflects on physical and mechanical properties such as hardness and tensile strength. The Flory-Rehner approach is one of the most widely used methods for determining of XLD. However, organic solvent requirement, application complexity in polymer blends, and long testing time are the main difficulties in the application. On the other hand, Mooney-Rivlin approximation, which is based on mechanical tests, provides the calculation of XLD in a more practical way without any solvent requirement. Tetramethylthiuram disulfide (TMTD) is one of the widely used accelerators in the rubber industry. However, carcinogenic nitrosamines can be generated as byproducts during the vulcanization process. Whereas tetrabenzylthiuram disulfide (TBzTD) is a nitrosamine-safe accelerator. In this study, XLD values of natural rubber (NR) based compounds, using TMTD (NRT-1) and TBzTD (NRT-2) as an alternative to TMTD, were determined by Flory-Rehner and Mooney-Rivlin equation. And the results are comparatively discussed. The vulcanizations were carried out at 150, 160, and 170 ºC. A correlation was observed between the XLD results determined by Flory-Rehner and Mooney-Rivlin. For all temperatures studied, NRT-2 showed higher XLD than NRT-1. Moreover, reduction of XLDs with increasing temperature for both curing systems was obtained. The optimum tensile strength (21 MPa) and tear strength (43 N/mm) properties were observed for NRT-1 at 150 ºC. At the same temperature higher tensile and tear strength of NRT-2 were determined as 25 MPa and 48 N/mm, respectively. From these results, it was concluded that . Besides being practical, economical, and solvent-free method, Mooney-Rivlin is proposed as a reliable method for XLD determination. In NRT-3, NRT-4 and NRT-5 studies, crosslink densities and physical strengths were measured using multiple different polymers. Method validation was performed for crosslink density measurement of recipes with different polymers.
Açıklama
07.02.2026 tarihine kadar kullanımı yazar tarafından kısıtlanmıştır.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Polimer Bilim ve Teknolojisi, Polymer Science and Technology
