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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12885/8

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İsrail Neden İran’a Saldırdı: Kolay Zafer Yanılgısı
(Ahmet YEŞİL, 2025) Polat, Furkan
7 Ekim olaylarının ardından İsrail, komşu ülkeleri de kapsayan geniş bir bölgede saldırgan davranışlar sergilemeye başladı. Bu politikanın bir davamı olarak, Tahran’ın nükleer programına ve Ayetullah rejiminin varlığına son vermeyi amaçlayan İsrail, 13 Haziran’da İran’a saldırdı. Bölgesel istikrarı baltalayan bu davranışları doğal olarak İsrail neden saldırgan bir politika izliyor sorusunu ortaya çıkarıyor. Bu soruyu İsrail-İran savaşı özelinde cevaplayan bu çalışma, İsrailli karar alıcıların rakipleriyle mücadelelerinde kolay zafer elde edeceklerine dair beklentilerinin saldırgan davranışlara sebep olduğunu iddia ediyor. Askeri güç dengesi, irade dengesi ve müttefiklerinin nispi gücü ve bağlılığına dair hesaplamalarda yapılan iyimser hatalar başta İran olmak üzere bölgedeki diğer ülkelere yönelik saldırganlığı tetikleyen temel faktörlerdir. Karar alıcıların bu faktörler açısından İsrail’in rakiplerine nazaran avantajlı olduğunu düşünmeleri savaşları kazanacaklarına dair beklentilerini körüklüyor. Dolayısıyla bölgede istikrarsızlığı derinleştiren bu davranışların son bulması ve savaş olasılığının azalması için diğer aktörlerin etkin bir caydırıcılık ortaya koyması gerekiyor.
Investigation of carbon black grades and multiwall carbon nanotube hybridization for the development of electrically conductive polyamide 6-based nanocomposite filaments
(İdris Karagöz, 2025) Kaplan, Müslüm
The development of electrically conductive polymer filaments has gained significant attention for applications in smart textiles and flexible electronics. This study systematically investigates the influence of different carbon black (CB) grades and their hybridization with multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) on the electrical and processing properties of polyamide 6 (PA6) based nanocomposite filaments. Three commercial CB grades were evaluated through morphological analysis, mixing energy measurements, and electrical resistivity characterization. Light microscopy analysis revealed that Vulcan XC72 exhibited superior dispersion homogeneity compared to XC MAX22 and XC615. The mixing energy calculations demonstrated that XC72 maintained consistent processing behavior, with energy requirements ranging from 25.067 J/cm³ at 1 wt% to 25.790 J/cm³ at 5 wt% loading. Electrical resistivity measurements showed significant differences in percolation behavior, with XC72 achieving 2.33E+03 ohm·cm at 13 wt%. Based on these findings, XC72 was selected for developing PA6/CB and PA6/MWCNT/CB hybrid nanocomposite filaments. While PA6/CB filaments showed insufficient conductivity, PA6/MWCNT filaments achieved 2.94E+00 ohm·cm at 10 wt%, and hybrid filaments demonstrated intermediate conductivity of 7.28E+00 ohm·cm. SEM analysis revealed the formation of interconnected networks where MWCNTs effectively bridged CB particles, explaining the enhanced conductivity of hybrid systems. This study provides crucial insights for developing cost-effective conductive polymer filaments through systematic filler selection and processing optimization.
Antibiotics: environmental impact and degradation techniques
(İdris Karagöz, 2024) Bulut, Duygu Takanoğlu; Kuran, Özkur; Koluman, Ahmet
Our reliance on antibiotics, life-saving medications that combat bacterial infections, has inadvertently introduced them into the environment. This paper explores the environmental consequences of this unintended release, focusing on the persistence of antibiotics and their disruption of ecological balance. We delve into the rise of antibiotic-resistant bacteria as a major public health concern linked to this environmental contamination. Recognizing the limitations of existing degradation techniques, the paper emphasizes the need for innovative solutions. We explore the potential of novel materials like engineered nanoparticles and biochar alongside investigating unconventional degradation mechanisms found in extreme environments. Ultimately, the paper underscores the importance of collaborative research efforts and the development of sustainable solutions to mitigate the environmental impact of antibiotics and safeguard the future effectiveness of these critical medications.
Investigation of flood risk spread of Kamara stream
(İdris Karagöz, 2023) Doğan, Enes; Temiz, Temel; Sümer, Mensur
Our country has many natural beauties and is also known as a region where many natural disasters frequently occur. The effects and frequency of natural disasters are increasing every day in the world and in our country due to climatic changes caused by global warming. It is also of great importance to take the necessary measures to prevent the damage to life and property safety that may arise because of the occurrence of disasters, which we encounter every day. Floods are one of the most common and frequently occurring disasters in our country, and it is dignitary to carry out flood analysis studies and take necessary precautions to minimize the affirmative effects that may arise from these flood events. For this purpose, possible effects were tried to be found by using a 1-dimensional flood model on Kamara creek, where there are many constructions around the stream bed. To determine the flood risk, the HEC-RAS program, which is generally used in the literature, was used, and the flood spreads of the region on the stream route were run to be brought out. As a result of the analysis, Flood profiles were created for the flow rates of Q50, Q100, Q500, and Q1000. It has been concluded that two of the three road crossings on the selected stream route are water, and that the settlement areas and valuable agricultural lands located on the coast are at risk of flooding.
Impacts of Technological Development and High Tech Product Exports on Economic Complexity Index: The Case of Turkey
(Manisa Celal Bayar University, 2019) Şeker, Ayberk
Determining sectors invested in is greatly important for countries to gain competitive advantages in international trade.. In this direction, it is beneficial for countries to reveal the effects of the level of technological development on exports. The economic complexity index measures the density of information and the productive output of an economy by considering the knowledge intensity of products that a country exports. The economic complexity index, which shows the intensity of information in exports, reveals both the technological density and the product diversity of countries' exports. In the scope of study, the relationships between high technology exports, technological developments, capital formation and the economic complexity index that reveal the competitive advantage in international trade for Turkey has been analyzed. As a result of Johansen and Gregory-Hansen cointegration tests, long-term relationships between economic complexity index, high-tech product exports, domestic patent applications and fixed capital investments have been determined. Then, long-term coefficients and causality relationships among the variables have been estimated. As a result of causality analysis, bidirectional causality relationship between economic complexity index, high-tech product exports and resident patent applications is seen. On the other hand, unidirectional causality relationships from gross fixed capital investments to economic complexity index, high-tech product exports and resident patent applications are determined.Key Words: Economic Complexity Index, High-Technology Export, Technological Development, Gregory-Hansen Cointegration, Granger Causality. JEL Classification: F10, O11, O14, O30.
The economic potentials of reclaimed asphalt pavements (RAP) in urban road infrastructure: a case study of Yalova city
(İdris Karagöz, 2023) Fenerci, Kader; Erdoğan, Merve Ceyhan; Abut, Yavuz
Due to population growth and technological development, consumption is rapidly increasing all over the world. Waste materials are not disposed of properly, resulting in environmental and visual pollution, health problems and economic disadvantages. Although recycling of waste materials has been given more importance in recent years than in the past, 100% recycling is not possible. Recycling asphalt pavements, protecting natural resources and reusing waste materials are very important to avoid the landfills they create in nature. In addition, the economic benefits of RAP (Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement) cannot be neglected. In this study, the significance of asphalt pavement recycling in the world, recycling methods and economic benefits are highlighted. In addition, the average annual amount of asphalt pavement excavated in Yalova was determined and the approximate cost of using different percentages of RAP was performed. For the construction of 1 km of asphalt pavement, the road construction costs were evaluated and compared using 30%, 50% and 70% RAP. Based on the findings, 6%, 11% and 15% of the initial costs could be saved, respectively. Although 70% RAP usage increased the recycling cost by 12%, it decreased the bitumen use by 7.2%, the aggregate use by 10.6%, and the operation cost by 11.1%.
Karayolu alttemel tabakalarında sıkıştırma kontrolü için hafif deflektometre testinin güvenilirliğinin SPSS analizi ile değerlendirilmesi
(İdris Karagöz, 2025) Seferoğlu, Mehmet Tevfik; Seferoğlu, Ayşegül Güneş; Akpınar, Muhammet Vefa; Iribagiza, Divine
Karayolu temel/alttemel tabakalarının durumu, yol kaplamasının dayanıklılığı ve performansı için kritik öneme sahiptir. Sıkıştırma kontrolü, bu tabakaların trafik yüklerini destekleme kabiliyetini, mukavemetini ve kararlılığını belirlemede önemli bir rol oynar. Alttemel tabakalarının sıkıştırma oranını değerlendirmek için nükleer yoğunluk ölçer (NDG) ve kum konisi gibi çeşitli yöntemler kullanılmaktadır. Bu yöntemlerin de bazı sınırlamaları ve zorlukları vardır. Zemin sıkışma oranının belirlenmesinde NDG testi kullanılırken, rijilik modülünün (Emod) belirlenmesinde ise nispeten daha pratik, taşınabilir ve tahribatsız bir yöntem olarak hafif ağırlıklı deflektometre (LWD) testi kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, LWD ve NDG test bulguları arasında bir korelasyon olup olmadığı incelenerek testlerin birbiri yerine kullanılıp kullanılamayacağı araştırılmıştır. Korelasyonun istatistiksel analizi SPSS analizi kullanılarak yapılmıştır.
Manyetik ve fotokatalitik polimer tanecikleri ile atık suların renksizleştirilmesi ve yeniden kullanım denemeleri
(İdris Karagöz, 2025) Turan, Şeyma Yalçın; Kara, Ali; Uygun, Gizem Bayaçlı; Özyurt, İrem
Tekstil endüstrisi, yüksek istihdam potansiyeli ve sürekli yenilik ve gelişim fırsatlarıyla birçok ülke için kritik bir sektördür. Ancak, bu sektör aynı zamanda su tüketimi açısından da en büyük tüketicilerden biridir. Bu çalışmada, tekstil endüstrisinde oluşan renkli atık suyun renksizleştirilmesi için manyetik ve fotokatalitik özelliklere sahip polimer tanecikler sentezlendi ve atık su arıtma deneyleri gerçekleştirildi. Polimer tanecikler, süspansiyon polimerizasyon yöntemiyle sentezlendi ve SEM , FTIR, BET ve ESR ile karakterize edildi. Bu tanecikler, Karesi polyester şirketinden alınan atık suyun renksizleştirilmesinde adsorpsiyon ve heterojen fotokataliz yöntemleri bir arada kullanıldı. Deneyler üç döngü boyunca tekrarlandı. İşlemlerin ardından, renksizleştirilmiş sularla boyama deneyleri yapıldı. Sonuçlar, %99,68'e kadar uzanan giderim verimliliklerini gösterdi. Bu, polimer taneciklerin su arıtımı için etkili, çevre dostu ve yenilikçi bir yöntem olarak kullanılabileceğini göstermektedir.
Environmental effects of traffic incidents: example of Istanbul O2 (TEM) highway
(İdris Karagöz, 2024) Boz, Fatih Kerem; Özen, Halit
Unusual decreases in road capacity or unexpected increases in demand (for example, vehicle breakdowns and traffic accidents) are defined as traffic incidents. Approximately 25% of traffic delays are caused by such incidents. These incidents affect capacity directly (for example, partial or complete lane closure) or indirectly (drivers slowing down to observe the accident), causing delays and travel times to increase, fuel consumption to increase, and environmentally harmful gas emissions to rise. The purpose of this study is to examine the environmental effects of traffic incidents. In this regard, the environmental effects (CO, NOx, VOC and fuel consumption) of a traffic accident that occurred on the Istanbul O2 (TEM) Highway were analysed using VISSIM microsimulation program. As expected, traffic incidents were found to have negative effects on highway operation performance measures. In addition, based on this analysis performed using the simulation model, various suggestions have also been made to reduce the environmental impacts of traffic incidents.
Kayseri’de otobüs ve tramvay hizmet kalitesi: Yolcu memnuniyetinin karşılaştırmalı bir analizi
(İdris Karagöz, 2025) Seferoğlu, Ayşegül Güneş; Polat, Fatih
Bu çalışma, Kayseri ilinde toplu taşımada kullanılan otobüs ve tramvay hizmetlerinin yolcular tarafından algılanan hizmet kalitesini değerlendirmek ve karşılaştırmak amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çevrimiçi olarak uygulanan anket çalışması, demografik bilgiler ve hizmet kalitesi algısını ölçen 20 maddeden oluşmaktadır. Verilerin analizi SPSS 22.0 programı kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiş; bağımsız grup t-testi, Levene testi ve tek yönlü ANOVA yöntemleri uygulanmıştır. Sonuçlara göre, tramvay kullanıcıları genel memnuniyet düzeyinde otobüs kullanıcılarına göre daha yüksek puan vermiştir. Tramvayda en yüksek memnuniyet, zamanında gelme ve ücret ödeme kolaylığı) alanlarında gözlenirken, doluluk oranı ve koltuk konforu gibi konularda memnuniyet daha düşüktür. Otobüs kullanıcıları genel memnuniyet açısından daha düşük puanlar vermiş; ancak ödeme kolaylığı ve alternatif hat bulma gibi alanlarda nispeten olumlu görüş bildirmiştir. Koltuk konforu ise en düşük memnuniyet alanı olmuştur. Demografik değişkenlerden sadece medeni durum ve eğitim düzeyine göre anlamlı fark bulunmuştur. Genel olarak, tramvay hizmetleri daha yüksek kalite algısı yaratmakta; ancak her iki sistemde de kapasite, sürücü davranışları ve planlama alanlarında iyileştirme gereksinimi ortaya çıkmıştır.
ERRATUM ARTICLE: Farklı kat yüksekliklerinin 1998 ve 2018 Türkiye deprem yönetmeliklerine göre betonarme binaların yapısal davranışına etkileri: karşılaştırmalı inceleme
(İdris Karagöz, 2026) Aykanat, Batuhan
Türkiye aktif bir fay hattı üzerinde yer almaktadır. Bu sebeple deprem, Türkiye için kaçınılmaz bir gerçektir. Sıklıkla büyük depremlerin yaşandığı ülkemizde, büyük ölçüde can ve mal kayıpları meydana gelmektedir. Bu kayıpların önlenmesi amacıyla deprem yönetmelikleri sürekli güncellenmektedir. Bu çalışmada, iki farklı deprem yönetmeliğinin kıyaslanması amaçlanarak, farklı kat yüksekliklerine sahip betonarme yapıların nümerik modelleri oluşturularak 1998 ve 2018 deprem yönetmeliklerine göre yapısal analizleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Analizler sonucunda, doğal titreşim periyodu, maksimum yer değiştirmeler, göreli kat ötelenmeleri, taban kesme kuvvetleri ve burulma düzensizliği katsayıları karşılaştırılmıştır. Çalışmanın sonucunda, basit ve simetrik bir taşıyıcı sistem seçiminin, düzensizliklerin önüne geçebileceği ancak kat yüksekliğinin arttığı durumlarda taşıyıcı sistemin olumsuz olarak etkilendiği tespit edilmiştir.
Optimal defense strategies against intelligent cyber attacks
(İdris Karagöz, 2024) Ertem, Mehmet; Bier, Vicki M.
We propose a comprehensive game-theoretic model pertaining to the security of computer networks, specifically addressing the interaction between defenders and attackers. The model incorporates attack graphs to outline potential attacker strategies and defender responses. To account for the attacker's capacity to execute multiple attempts, we introduce a probabilistic element, wherein the success or failure at any arc of the attack graph is treated as stochastic. This characterization gives rise to a multi-stage stochastic network-interdiction problem. In this problem formulation, the defender strategically interdicts a set of arcs in anticipation of the likely actions of the attacker, who, in turn, can make multiple attempts to traverse the network. We mathematically articulate this scenario as a stochastic bilevel mixed-integer program with a "min-max" objective. The defender's aim is to minimize the probability of the attacker's success, while the attacker seeks to maximize the probability of successfully traversing the network across multiple attempts. The defender's stochastic bilevel optimization model is solved using the integer L-shaped method. Upon analyzing the defender's perspective, we observe the anticipated trend that the overall success probability of the attacker diminishes with an increasing level of defense. Notably, in the sensitivity analysis involving relatively small attack graphs, we discover that the optimal defense strategy against a myopic attacker often aligns with that against a non-myopic attacker. Furthermore, in instances where deviations exist, the disparity in performance is generally marginal. However, our findings demonstrate a potential divergence in optimal defense strategies when the available attack paths share numerous common arcs.
Machine learning-enabled classification of global human development using INFORM risk indicators
(İdris Karagöz, 2026) Doğruel, Merve
This study aims to identify the most effective machine learning model for classifying countries' Human Development Index (HDI) levels using indicators from the INFORM Risk Index. The motivation for this work lies in the growing need for data-driven methods to analyze and predict human development outcomes, particularly in the context of complex and high-dimensional socio-economic and disaster-related risk data. Traditional models often fail to capture the non-linear relationships that influence human development. To address this gap, six supervised machine learning algorithms—k-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), Linear and Nonlinear Support Vector Machines (SVM), Classification and Regression Trees (CART), Bagging, and Random Forest (RF)—were systematically evaluated. Performance was measured using weighted F1-scores on both training and testing datasets. The results reveal that while KNN, Linear SVM, and CART have limited predictive power, the Nonlinear SVM suffers from overfitting. In contrast, ensemble-based models—Bagging and RF—demonstrate superior and balanced performance, with F1-scores around 0.80 on both datasets. These methods also allow for interpretability through feature importance analysis. Socio-economic, institutional, and infrastructure-related indicators were identified as the most influential variables in predicting HDI levels. The findings highlight the strength of ensemble learning in modeling complex development-related risks and provide a robust framework for integrating machine learning into global human development analysis. This study offers valuable insights for policymakers and researchers aiming to improve forecasting, resilience planning, and development strategies.
The effect of surface modification with ozone in waterless (ScCO2) dyeing o polyester
(İdris Karagöz, 2024) Eren, Semiha; Öztürk, Merve; Yiğit, İdil
In this study, ozonation was carried out prior to dyeing 100% polyester fabrics through spray application (without the use of water) at various durations and with different gas flow rates. The ozonated fabrics were dyed with Dianix Dry XF2 Rubine (disperse dye) in conventional and supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) medium. The main objective of the study is to investigate the colour efficiency of the ozone modified polyester fabric in waterless dyeing. Hydrophilicity, colour measurement, tensile strength, fastness tests, SEM analyses were performed on the samples. The results of dyeing the samples in a waterless medium after ozonation revealed higher colour strength (K/S) and better fastness test results with breaking strength values than conventionally dyed fabrics.
Farklı kat yüksekliklerinin 1998 ve 2018 Türkiye deprem yönetmeliklerine göre betonarme binaların yapısal davranışına etkileri: karşılaştırmalı inceleme
(İdris Karagöz, 2025) Aykanat, Batuhan
Türkiye aktif bir fay hattı üzerinde yer almaktadır. Bu sebeple deprem, Türkiye için kaçınılmaz bir gerçektir. Sıklıkla büyük depremlerin yaşandığı ülkemizde, büyük ölçüde can ve mal kayıpları meydana gelmektedir. Bu kayıpların önlenmesi amacıyla deprem yönetmelikleri sürekli güncellenmektedir. Bu çalışmada, iki farklı deprem yönetmeliğinin kıyaslanması amaçlanarak, farklı kat yüksekliklerine sahip betonarme yapıların nümerik modelleri oluşturularak 1998 ve 2018 deprem yönetmeliklerine göre yapısal analizleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Analizler sonucunda, doğal titreşim periyodu, maksimum yer değiştirmeler, göreli kat ötelenmeleri, taban kesme kuvvetleri ve burulma düzensizliği katsayıları karşılaştırılmıştır. Çalışmanın sonucunda, basit ve simetrik bir taşıyıcı sistem seçiminin, düzensizliklerin önüne geçebileceği ancak kat yüksekliğinin arttığı durumlarda taşıyıcı sistemin olumsuz olarak etkilendiği tespit edilmiştir.
Risk analysis of cyber networks: a quantitative approach based on attack-defense trees
(İdris Karagöz, 2024) Ertem, Mehmet; Ozcelık, İlker
With the rapid increase in cyber-attacks and potential damage in today's world, ensuring cybersecurity has become of paramount importance for companies and organizations. In this study, an approach based on attack-defense trees has been developed for the quantitative analysis of cyber risks. The proposed methodology utilizes attack-defense trees to measure the risk levels of nodes representing cyber threats and systematically calculate the total risk when specific defense measures are implemented. The developed cyber risk analysis approach has been applied to a common scenario involving phishing attacks, and cyber risk values have been calculated under various defense strategies. For instance, when no defense measures are taken, the cyber risk value is calculated as 0.28392. However, when technical defense measures such as antivirus software, intrusion detection systems (IDS), access control, web content filtering, and spam control are implemented, the risk value significantly decreases by approximately 97.5% to 0.00721. Furthermore, incorporating user training results in a 98% reduction in risk value. Implementing basic defense measures targeting individual users, such as antivirus and spam control, leads to a reduction of around 90% in the risk value. The accuracy and significance of the proposed approach are demonstrated through the results obtained from this sample study. The contributions of the developed approach to determining cybersecurity strategies are detailed in the discussion section.
Küresel ZnO partiküllerinin yeterli antibiyotik giderimi için adsorpsiyon potansiyeli: izoterm, kinetik ve termodinamik
(İdris Karagöz, 2025) Korkmaz, Şeyda; Tuna, Özlem
İlaç endüstrisinin gelişimi nedeniyle, tetracycline (TC) doğal su ortamlarında yaygın olarak tespit edilmektedir ve bu da canlı türleri üzerinde önemli olumsuz etkilere yol açmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, ticari küresel çinko oksit (ZnO) örnekleri üzerindeki TC adsorpsiyonu, adsorpsiyon izoterm modeli, kinetik model ve termodinamik davranışı açıklamak için sistematik olarak incelendi. Langmuir kinetik modeli, maksimum 86.35 mg/g adsorpsiyon kapasitesi ile en yüksek korelasyon katsayısını (R2 = 0.97) gösterdi. Kinetik çalışmaların sonuçlarına göre, ZnO örneklerinde tetrasiklin adsorpsiyonu için Pseudo ikinci dereceden kinetik modelinin uygun olduğu, kimyasal adsorpsiyon adımının daha etkili bir mekanizma olduğunu göstermektedir. Ayrıca, ZnO parçacıkları üzerindeki TC adsorpsiyonu sıcaklığın artmasıyla teşvik edildi. Ticari küresel çinko oksit, ortaya çıkan toksik kirletici tetracycline'i ortadan kaldırmak için sürdürülebilir bir strateji olarak düşünülebilir.
The current status of the Turkish textile and apparel sector's innovation system
(İdris Karagöz, 2024) Girgin, Aslı Balçak; Ulcay, Yusuf
Each sector needs a unique innovation ecosystem and set of policies. Furthermore, we can see that different countries' innovation systems in the same sector are structured differently. This is a critical determinant of how much added value the sector generates. In this context, the first step in optimizing our country's textile and apparel sectoral innovation systems is to assess the current R&D and innovation level and structure. R&D and innovation data for the Turkish textile and apparel industries were revealed for this purpose. The sector's actors and their positioning in the current system were investigated. The data was compared to that of the EU, and inferences were made.
Simulation of the tunnel emergency ventilation system in the event of a potential train fire in the tunnels of the Gaziray Railway System Line
(İdris Karagöz, 2023) Avcı-karataş, Çigdem
Rail systems are actively used worldwide as a fast, safe, and environmentally friendly public transportation option. The Gaziray Rail System Line is a project of great importance planned to meet the public transportation needs in Gaziantep, Turkey. In rail system lines, it is crucial to consider potential hazards such as train fires and evaluate the effects of fire. Fires can occur for various reasons in the electrical and mechanical components of trains, such as overheating of electrical cables, malfunctions in braking systems, fuel leaks, and so on. Such fires can cause dangerous consequences that can damage the tunnel's walls, ceiling, floor, and other structural elements, so the level of the tunnel's susceptibility to fire and the damage it causes to the tunnel structure must be carefully evaluated. Structural damages that affect the tunnel's usability, safety, and integrity after a fire can also affect repair costs and operational processes. Methods such as fire tests, modelling, and simulations are used to assess the effects of tunnel fires. Fire tests can determine the tunnel structure's response to fire by simulating real fire scenarios, while modelling and simulations determine the level of the tunnel structure's susceptibility to fire. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the level of damage to the tunnel structure and its effects in the event of a possible train fire in the tunnels of the Gaziray Rail System Line. The critical speed is the minimum airspeed required to push smoke and toxic combustion products in the desired direction without stratification during a fire. The study aims to determine the necessary ventilation strategy and capacity to provide critical airspeed in the opposite direction of human evacuation while enabling the environmental control systems to operate without compromising the structural integrity.
Investigation of layer thickness and cost of flexible pavement designed on subgrade improved with glass powder
(İdris Karagöz, 2025) Geçkil, Tacettin; Sarıcı, Talha; Karabaş, Bahadır
In this study, the effects of improving a clay soil with glass powder (GP) obtained from recycled waste glass on the flexible pavement designed over it were investigated, focusing on layer thickness and construction costs. For this purpose, firstly, some tests were conducted to determine the properties of the soil samples. Subsequently, proctor tests were performed on both soil and specimens prepared by adding 3%, 6%, 9% and 12% GP by weight to the soil. Then, unconfined compression tests were performed on the prepared samples after a curing period of 28 days. The results of the unconfined compression tests showed that the highest strength was obtained from mixtures containing 9% GP. Lastly, following 28 days of curing, California bearing ratio (CBR) tests were conducted on both untreated and 9% GP treated samples, revealing that the CBR value increased by 142.68% with the addition of 9% GP. Based on the obtained CBR values, flexible pavement designs were made on both improved and unimproved soils, and the layer thicknesses and costs were investigated. The calculations indicated that the improvement with 9% GP reduced the pavement layer thicknesses by 31.40% and the costs by 3.44%.

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